[115] Many athletes and sports officials praised Vučić for own success, even giving him their own medals. A cult of personality is growing around China's president. Since Egyptian broadcasting was the best in the middle-east, Nasser used it as a major source of propaganda ; Gained exclusive control of all media organs, newspaper kept under state control; Nasser was a strong supporter of Islam and made close relations with other Arab states. In dieser Liste werden, geordnet nach den Ländern, Personenkulte aufgeführt, die drei Kriterien erfüllen, wie sie von dem Historiker Reinhard Löhmann aufgestellt wurden: . It is well known that Egyptian President Abdul Fattah al-Sisi considers himself a great reformer and a significant number of Egyptians even regard him as a bringer of salvation. Many important buildings have a presidential lodge, many towns and cities have streets commemorating Obiang's coup against Macías, and many people wear clothes with his face printed on them. Atatürk statues have been erected in all Turkish cities by the Turkish Government, and most towns have their own memorial to him. This is a list of regimes of countries or individual leaders around the world which have been discussed in the media or academia as having created a cult of personality. 41–75. The museum's exhibits, which also include the living and work spaces of the famous statesman, support the popular image of a charismatic politician and portray Nasser as a determined revolutionary and passionate speaker who knows how to inspire the masses. cult of personality translation in English-Vietnamese dictionary. Champion, Paul (25 September 2007). [175][176][177][178][179], According to Tomás Straka of Andres Bello University, Chávez's cult of personality began following the 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts which Chávez led, with Straka explaining that some Venezuelans "saw no solution to their most fundamental problems and they saw in Chávez a savior, or an avenger of those groups that had no hope". All of the available evidence indicates that the cult was informed, at least in part, by the practices of American business and political culture. He wore the uniform of a captain general (a rank traditionally reserved for the king) and resided in the royal Pardo Palace. In early civilization, a cult of personality often involved deification in a literal sense. Indiana: Indiana University Press. A cult of personality surrounded Francisco Franco during his regime. They also print tarpaulins, usually with their images in order to establish a sense of connection with their constituents. [182] During his lifetime, his cult of personality included, among other things, naming places after him (including four cities), celebrations of his birthday (including Relay of Youth), widespread use of his portraits, writing his name in landscapes, so they could be seen from the air, etc.[183][184]. On the dates of Nasser's birth and death (15 January and 28 September), which have become important occasions for the Egyptian press and public, his descendants are guests of honour at memorial ceremonies at the Nasser Museum as well as at his tomb in the mosque named after him in Cairo. [147] The persistence of the phenomenon of Atatürk's personality cult has become an area of deep interest to scholars. For example, the Mauritanian government's recent decision to rename Nasser Street in the capital Nouakchott the "Street of National Unity" caused an uproar in Egypt. Rediscovery of the would-be literary figure. An international airport, a university, a bridge, a dam, a stadium, an art centre, a street, an urban district (Saddam-city), a rocket and other objects were named after him. 12, No. A cult of personality is centered around the founders of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Kaysone Phomvihane and the less prominent Prince Souphanouvong since their deaths in the early 1990s as there were no personality cults bestowed to them during their time in power. [133] The personality cult that he developed portrayed him as a wise, modest and just leader of the country. [98] This was often ridiculed by the ordinary people and led to the creation of many political jokes. At the exact time of Atatürk's death, on every 10 November, at 09:05, most vehicles and people in the country's streets pause for one minute in remembrance. In addition to depicting Mussolini as being chosen by God, the regime presented him as having omnipotent, godlike or superhuman powers. "Mobutu Sese Seko". [102][103], Some observers have described that Aleksandar Vučić built the cult of personality during his authoritarian rule as Prime minister and as President. By Joseph Croitoru, Undying popularity: for many Egyptians, Abdel Nasser was a charismatic personality who represented a pan-Arab ideology and opposed imperialism. He was featured in the obverse of some of the banknotes issued during his time in office. [144] A government website[145] was created to denounce the websites that violate this law, and the Turkish government as of 2011 has filters in place to block websites deemed to contain materials insulting to his memory. Under the Vichy Regime, a puppet government installed by the Nazis, the leader, Marshal Philippe Petain, was known to have a cult of personality around himself[citation needed]. [80] His face appeared on a wide variety of items, including postage stamps, watches, and school satchels. The Egyptian state practiced a Cult of Personality around Gamal Abdel Nasser during his rule. Piłsudski's successor Edward Śmigły-Rydz began to develop his own cult of the individual. People brought many gifts to Saddam that were collected in a special palace. Supporters refer to him as "The Great Colombian" in spite of his family's ties to the Medellín Cartel and the numerous human rights scandals that marred his presidency. Personality is another term of character. He personally made similar comments in 1993. The cults created for the sultans and Erdoğan are kept alive by devout Muslims who oppose secular lifestyle and secularist ideas. The royal family is protected by lèse majesté laws which allow critics to be jailed for three to fifteen years. [7][8] Aliyev, a former Soviet politburo member and the leader of Soviet Azerbaijan from 1969 to 1987, became the President of Azerbaijan in 1993. Already in 2016, the first Egyptian museum for the commemoration of Nasser was opened in his former residence in the east of Cairo – by Sisi personally. Opinions, publications and broadcasts that are critical of Ho Chi Minh or that identify his flaws are banned in Vietnam, and the commentators are arrested or fined for "opposing the people's revolution". But rather than being over, it has now entered a more mature ... U.S. political scientist Ahmet T. Kuru from the University of San Diego traces historical developments in the region and seeks the causes behind today's problems. [49] Also, some other titles were given to him, like "Great Leader of the Revolution". [174] Among his followers, Chávez has been compared to holy figures, especially by his successor Nicolás Maduro. This was seen in his variety of apparel: he appeared in the costumes of the Bedouin, the traditional clothes of the Iraqi peasant (which he essentially wore during his childhood), and even appeared in Kurdish clothing, but he also appeared in Western suits fitted by his favorite tailor, projecting the image of an urbane and modern leader. Legends of Mussolini defying death during the First World War and surviving assassination attempts were circulated in order to give the dictator a mythical, immortal aura. East Germany's first leader, Walter Ulbricht, was also subjected to a personality cult. [33], Dictator François Duvalier fostered a personality cult around himself[34]:320 and he claimed that he was the physical embodiment of the nation. Among them are "gentleman of the great island of Bioko, Annobón and Río Muni. Rajagopalachari later formed the liberal Swatantra Party because of his opposition to Nehru's style of functioning. Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History. [139] In addition, the date of a failed attempt on Eyadéma's life was annually commemorated as "the Feast of Victory Over Forces of Evil. [clarification needed] Many written songs, novels, scientific and propaganda articles were devoted to him. [170][171], The Vietnamese Communist Party regime has continually maintained a personality cult around Ho Chi Minh since the 1950s in North Vietnam, and it was later extended to South Vietnam after reunification, which it sees as a crucial part of its propaganda campaign surrounding Ho and the Party's past. [56][57][58] Regarding Khamenei, Amir Taheri has written, "Like Khomeini before him, Khamenehi is the object of a massive cult of personality. A cult of personality, or cult of the leader, arises when a country's regime – or, more rarely, an individual – uses the techniques of mass media, propaganda, the big lie, spectacle, the arts, patriotism, and government-organized demonstrations and rallies to create an idealized, heroic, and worshipful image of a leader, often through unquestioning flattery and praise. [34]:330–332 In 1986, the Haitian constitution outlawed Duvalier-type personality cults.[34]:361. It is the force of one’s character, the strength of one’s will, the tenacity of one’s purpose which go to make a mark in life. The only political party allowed was his own, the National Republicans Party. He used mass media communications to entrench his rule. No need to register, buy now! To this day, the veneration of his person and his political activities continues in large sections of the population, which is why the leadership in Cairo is keen to uphold the Nasser myth, The glory of bygone days: "Egyptian President Abdul Fattah al-Sisi considers himself a great reformer and a significant number of Egyptians even regard him as a bringer of salvation. That hasn't stopped his supporters from urging Sisi to run for president, a prospect warmly welcomed by … He named myriad numbers of places and institutions in Syria after himself, and other members of his family. [6], Heydar Aliyev's cult of personality became a significant part of Azerbaijani politics and society after Heydar Aliyev came to power in 1993 and it continued after his death in 2003, when his son Ilham Aliyev succeeded him. In modern Poland, Piłsudski is recognized as an important and largely positive figure in Polish history. Sztálinista vezérkultusz Magyarországon. Nasserism - Nasserism is a Pan-Arab ideology based on the ideas of former Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, who died in 1970. He was made president for life by the MPRS in 1963. The same thing was done with the San Cristóbal Province and Pico Duarte (the country's highest peak), with the latter being rebaptized as "Pico Trujillo". A cult of personality devoted to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi existed in Libya during his rule. [35] This peaked on his 60th birthday in 1952, which was commemorated with a series of nationwide celebrations. [134][135], All members of Thailand's royal family, past and present, are officially venerated in a personality cult. Followers of Perón praised his effort in creating a monolithic labour movement, while their detractors considered him a demagogues and Mobutu Sese Seko used his cult of personality to create a god-like public image of himself in Zaire, which today is the Democratic Republic of the Congo. His biography and his literary works were required reading in schools and Ba'ath Party functioneers examined students' knowledge of them. [126][127][128][129][130][131][132] Portraits of him, often depicting him engaging in heroic activities, were placed in every public space. Personality cult, or the worship of personality is thus a factor of the highest consequences in life. Saddam even had many well-decorated (by golden flush toilets) palaces for his own private use. [146] The idea of Atatürk as the "father of the Turks" is ingrained in Turkish politics and politicians in that country are evaluated in relation to his cult of personality. His descendants play a central role today in the public tribute to Gamal Abdel Nasser and help to maintain the cult around al-Sisi by declaring him to be Nasser's only true successor. This image, which is in part a result of the government's increasingly stringent control of the media, is further amplified by the comparison commonly drawn between Sisi and the legendary Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser," writes Joseph Croitoru. The war on Ethiopia was presented as a revival of the Roman Empire, with Mussolini as Augustus. The institution's official name is the "Museum of the Leader Gamal Abdel Nasser", which likewise evokes associations with Sisi, whose admirers like to call him "Great Leader" (Arabic: za'im). In 1936, the Dominican Congress voted to rename the capital of Santo Domingo to Ciudad Trujillo. Cambodian schoolchildren in French Indochina at one point in the early 1940s began their school-day with prayers to Marshal Philippe Pétain of Vichy France, opening with the words, "Our father, which art our Leader, glorious be thy name... deliver us from evil",[32] echoing the Lord's Prayer. Statues are also erected in his honor. [94], In 1986 The New York Times reporter, David Binder stated that Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu presided over "a cult of personality that has equaled, or even surpassed, those of Stalin's Russia, Mao's China and Tito's Yugoslavia."[95]. He revived the traditions of vodou, later on exploiting them in order to consolidate his power by claiming that he himself was a houngan, or vodou priest. Following the Iranian Revolution, a cult of personality developed around Supreme Leaders Ruhollah Khomeini and Ali Khamenei. Pope John Paul II is also the namesake of numerous statues, museums, streets, universities,[93] etc. [27], Obiang has encouraged his cult of personality by ensuring that public speeches end with well-wishing for himself rather than end with well-wishing for the republic. Ottoman sultans Mehmed the Conqueror and Abdul Hamid II have cults of personality created by religious conservatives and Islamists. [101], In Chechnya, the head of the republic Ramzan Kadyrov has been accused of creating a cult of personality around himself. It is arguably thanks to the consolidation of the personality cult around current Egyptian President al-Sisi that his role model has also gradually become the subject of national glorification. Articles in textbooks and songs glorifying him were commonly seen in Taiwan before 1987. Commemorative coins and stamps were created after his presidency with his image on the front. A posthumous cult for Che Guevara is also observed in Cuba; statues and murals depicting him are as ubiquitous as Fidel's. There was a purge against monarchists in the military forces and political prisons were created in the desert. So why is he treated like an elder statesman on the world stage? As evidence of this, in July 2003, the state-operated radio declared that Obiang was "the country's god" and that he had "all power over men and things." [16], Former president Álvaro Uribe became the center of a Cult of Personality in Colombia in the later years of the country's armed conflict. A cult of personality or personality cult arises when a country's leader uses mass media to create a larger-than-life public image through unquestioning flattery and praise. Inspired by the personality cult surrounding Kim Il-sung in North Korea, it started with the 1971 July Theses which reversed the liberalization of the 1960s and imposed a strict nationalist ideology. Sukarno was popularly referred to as bung ("comrade"), and he painted himself as a man of the people who carried the aspirations of Indonesia and dared to take on the West. The former first President Nursultan Nazarbayev is the subject of a state sponsored personality cult in Kazakhstan, where he has assumed the title "Leader of the Nation". Most people were required to recite the Quotations of Chairman Mao and printed material at that time usually quoted Mao's words in bold as well as in the preface. Such correlations, however, are glossed over by today's Nasser cult, which also means that whenever his mythology is challenged in Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood is blamed. The People's Republic of China under Chairman Mao Zedong also developed a cult of personality, the most obvious symbol of which is his massive portrait situated on the north end of Tiananmen Square. As one of his strategies to maintain power over Syria, Hafez al-Assad developed a state-sponsored cult of personality. Adolf Hitler, Führer ("leader") of Nazi Germany, was referenced by Nazi propaganda in a number of honorary titles (Supreme Judge of the German People, First Soldier of the German Reich, First Worker of the New Germany, Greatest Military Commander of All Time, Military Leader of Europe, High Protector of the Holy Mountain, etc.). The Loyalty dance (忠字舞) was also introduced during the Cultural Revolution which lasted from 1966 to 1976. Columbia University Press. Saddam's personality cult reflected his efforts to appeal to the various elements in Iraqi society. [75][76] After the president's resignation, the Parliament of Kazakhstan has voted to renamed their capital, Astana, into Nur-sultan as a 'tribute'.[77][78]. Me playing cult of personality on the Hard difficulty. In 2018, for example, to mark what would have been his hundredth birthday, two more institutions named after him were opened: a small museum with a library in Nasser's birth house in Alexandria and a house of culture in the village of Bani Mar near the city of Asyut in central Egypt. [136] Huge portraits of King Bhumibol Adulyadej and his son and successor King Vajiralongkorn, and other members of the royal family are disseminated throughout the country. Even before his seizure of power, he was proclaimed the Duce in song. He then began to carefully design an autocratic system, with heavy reliance on family and clan members, oil revenues and patronage. The other 'Great Leader' [widaehan suryŏng] is still exclusively used for Kim Il-sung. The number of such state rituals continues to grow in part due to an increasing number of cultural facilities that are contributing to the spread of the cult around Nasser. We need not give here examples of the loathsome adulation filling this book. In recent years there has been a growing cult of personality in modern Turkey around current President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Indeed, although his formal titles were Jefe del Estado (Head of State) and Generalísimo de los Ejércitos Españoles (Generalissimo of the Spanish Armed Forces), he was referred to as Caudillo de España por la gracia de Dios, (By the Grace of God, the Leader of Spain). [159] Reporters Without Borders says the president is promoting a cult of personality around himself and that his portraits have taken the place of the ones of the previous president. [180] Since the beginning of Chávez's tenure in 1999, the Venezuelan government manipulated the Venezuelan public with social programs depicting him as a great leader for the people. The personal histories and interests of al-Shishakli’s advisers and cult architects suggest a source of inspiration remote from the practices of Socialist regimes. By Emily Cadei On 05/10/16 at 7:01 AM EDT . 1967 or Anti-Signage of Public Works Act, colloquially known as the Anti-Epal Bill, was filed by Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago in November 2011, and refiled again in July 2013 in an effort to stop the practice. Macías had also proclaimed himself a god. [12], During its first three years in power, the Khmer Rouge concealed Pol Pot's name and refused to instill a cult of personality around him. A cult of personality uses various techniques, including mass media, propaganda, the arts, patriotism, and government-organized demonstrations and rallies to create a heroic image, of a leader, often inviting worshipful behavior through uncritical flattery and praise. [61][62][63][64], As a sign of his consolidation of power as Iraq's dictator, Saddam Hussein's personality cult pervaded Iraqi society. According to his order, every tenth brick of reconstructed ancient buildings (including Nebuchadnezzar's palace) was marked with his name or signature. Numerous works in popular music and literature featured Adolf Hitler prominently. Though not technically Nasser’s son, the dynamics are similar, and though some would claim that becoming a Mossad agent is far from a ‘fail’, Marwan ultimately plummeted from a balcony under suspicious circumstances at the age of 63, after years of betraying the father of the woman he supposedly loved. strategy used by his government to maintain legitimacy before and after his death. His popularity runs the risk of becoming "a cult of personality," he warned. '. [17], Although it was reported that one of Fidel Castro's dying wishes was not to have buildings or streets named after him, and that statues of him not be erected, in order to avoid a cult of personality, it is generally believed[citation needed] that such a cult had already developed by the time of his death.[18][19][20]. This image, which is in part a result of the government's increasingly stringent control of the media, is further amplified by the comparison commonly drawn between Sisi and the legendary Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser: like the famous leader of the pan-Arab movement, his present successor is striving for a comprehensive modernisation of the country. [84] Biographer Daniel Kawczynski noted that Gaddafi was famous for his "lengthy, wandering" speeches,[85] which typically involved criticizing Israel and the U.S.[82], The peer-reviewed academic journal North Korean Review, published by the Institute for North Korean Studies at the University of Detroit Mercy in Detroit, Michigan, United States, reports that "Like his father [Kim Jong-Il] during his lifetime, Kim Jong-un has so far avoided a cult of personality around himself that would include statues, street and place names, or images in pins or in apartments. Its obverse pictured Suharto as the Father of Development and the slogan "25 Tahun Indonesia Membangun" (25 years of Indonesia's development), which dated back to his first term as president in 1968. Not exactly success. You are here: Home / Nazis & Nazism / Cult of Personality: The Fuhrer Principle. It has survived decades of repression, particularly during the era of communist rule. ", "Is Castro's battle to avoid a personality cult destined to fail? Another room is dedicated to the "history of the people" and features mainly film clips remembering Nasser's work as an Egyptian politician and leader of the pan-Arab revolution. This is something that is quasi-religious". The term often refers as well to leaders who did not use such methods during their lifetime, but are built up in the mass media by later governments. [160], Several Presidents in American history have been accused by various historians as being supported by the effects of a cult of personality, among them George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Donald Trump. They put their images and their names on billboards of government projects. Hitler was usually depicted as a heroic, idolatrous figure, loved, feared and respected by the German people. [65] His face could be seen on the sides of office buildings, schools and classrooms, airports, and shops, as well as on all denominations of Iraqi currency (the dinar). Personality Cults of Personality and Where to Find Them The psychological themes of our devotion to leaders from the 1930s until today. Evidence of this includes food products named after him. [99] Other evidence of Putin's personality cult includes the existence of the Army of Putin, his own female fan club [100] as well as his involvement in action man publicity stunts. Many leaders opposed Nehru's style of functioning, his economic policies and his socialist agenda. ")[186], Several Presidents in American history who have been assessed by various historians as being supported by the effects of a cult of personality, among them, Sanchez, Juan Reinaldo with Gylden, Axel (2015), "In his address to UNESCO's annual meeting of governments on 30 October 2007 the "Gentleman of the great island of Bioko, Annobón and Río Muni, El Jefe (the boss), "a god who is 'in permanent contact with the Almighty'" and "can decide to kill without anyone calling him to account and without going to hell" His Excellence, President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, ..." Kabanda (3 October 2010), harvp error: no target: CITEREFWitton2003 (, Meno male che Silvio c'è video ufficiale inno campagna PDL, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBlundyLycett1987 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBianco1975 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKawczynski2011 (. [14] Badges and "little red books" of his quotations were mass-produced. For the anniversary of his grandfather's death last September, he published a book of the Egyptian president's most important writings, including his memoirs from the Arab-Israeli War of 1948 and his revolutionary manifesto from 1954. Worsening relations with Vietnam forced the Khmer Rouge to instill a cult of personality around Pol Pot so he could be portrayed as a wartime leader who the people could rally around. In Egypt, several human rights activists working for the EIPR – Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights – were arrested recently following a meeting with EU ambassadors. "[54] Khomeini's personality cult fills a central position in foreign- and domestically-targeted Iranian publications. (lit. A song dedicated to him, "Maréchal, nous voilà !" After Uribe failed to amend the constitution that would allow him to stay in power for a third term in 2010, he founded a political party that uses the former president's silhouette as logo. Ten years after the start of the Arabellion in North Africa and the Middle East, many view the movement as a failure. Hungarian Communist leader Mátyás Rákosi was surrounded by a cult of personality similar to that of Stalin. Mao was referred to as "the great leader Chairman Mao" (伟大领袖毛主席) in public and he was entitled "the great leader, the great supreme commander, the great teacher and the great helmsman" (伟大的领袖、伟大的统帅、伟大的导师、伟大的舵手) in Cultural Revolution. Three authors close to the regime were honoured for their submitted works. Comrades, the cult of the individual acquired such monstrous size chiefly because Stalin himself, using all conceivable methods, supported the glorification of his own person.... One of the most characteristic examples of Stalin's self-glorification and of his lack of even elementary modesty is the edition of his Short Biography, which was published in 1948. Ho Chi Minh is frequently glorified in schools by schoolchildren. Living Colour's official music video for 'Cult Of Personality'. Nikita Khrushchev recalled Karl Marx's criticism in his 1956 "Secret Speech" denouncing Joseph Stalin and his cult of personality to the 20th Party Congress:[97]. This also includes his re-discovery as a would-be writer. A personality cult in the Republic of China was centered on the Kuomintang party founder Sun Yat-sen, and his successor, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. Marshal, Here We Are!) Play as much music as you want on your computer, mobile or home audio system. Polish Independence Day is commemorated on November 11, the date when Piłsudski assumed power in Poland after the First World War. With the entry of media tycoon Silvio Berlusconi into Italian politics in the 2000s, some critics claimed that a new kind of cult of personality was in place, favored by Berlusconi's three national television networks and newspapers. During the Vargas Era, the Brazilian Department of Information and Propaganda (DIP) promoted a Messiah-style image of Brazilian dictator Getúlio Vargas by broadcasting propaganda every day and by showing him as "saviour of the Brazilian people". In the central exhibition hall there are photographs showing the various stages of Nasser's military and political career, as well as several personal items, official gifts, busts and state files. The culture of the People's Republic of China before 1978 was highly influenced by the personality cult of Mao Zedong[citation needed] which reached its peak during the Cultural Revolution. Official flatterers describe him as a "Divine Gift to Mankind" or as the "Shining Sun of the Imamate." [82] Although Bianco thought that he had a "gift for oratory",[83] he was considered a poor orator by biographers Blundy and Lycett. It has been alleged that the Egyptian media has created a personality cult around the current President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. While the man who would one day be president never finished his essay, his court propagandists liked to draw on this story when they tried after the Suez War in 1956 to present the president as the victor over Israel and its British and French allies. National personalities and politicians alike had praise for Trujillo with license plates that included slogans such as "¡Viva Trujillo!" [121] After Vučić was hospitalized for cardiovascular problems in November 2019, ministers, party colleagues and local party committees wrote announcements and organized support groups, while his associates and pro-regime media accused the journalists of worsening the president's health by asking “inappropriate” questions about alleged corruption by government ministers.[122][123][124][125]. The most celebrated image from the time shows a standing Jesus Christ with a hand on a seated Papa Doc's shoulder with the caption "I have chosen him". In 1993, its central bank, Bank Indonesia, issued the first – and the then-highest valued – banknote of 50,000 rupiah. They associate the policies of these statesmen with their "piety". was mandatory for all school children to learn. "Cult of Personality" got its UK release in October, and in February 1989, it was issued as their debut single in America. 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