In its prime, they also dominated the Kingdom of Dahomey (now located in the modern day Republic of Benin). Social, economic, and cultural history also began to grow in prominence. Archaeological research, pioneered by Charles Thurstan Shaw, has shown a long history of human settlement in Nigeria. Others have suggested that the technology moved west from the Nile Valley, although the Iron Age in the Niger River valley and the forest region appears to predate the introduction of metallurgy in the upper savanna by more than 800 years. The capital is Idah in Kogi state. His sudden removal would dim the prospects for Nigerian stability. These parties were the People's Democratic Party (PDP), the All People's Party (APP), and the predominantly Yoruba Alliance for Democracy (AD). The central region has hills and plateaus. Yar'Adua's presidency was fraught with uncertainty as media reports said he suffered from kidney and heart disease. Their homeland, the former Igala Kingdom, is an approximately triangular area of about 14,000 km2 (5,400 sq mi) in the angle formed by the Benue and Niger rivers. [87], Following the civil war, the country turned to the task of economic development. ), width: 50cm (19.6in. He remained incommunicado for 50 days, by which time rumours were rife that he had died. History of Nigeria The Name: NIGERIA The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. The Akintola faction argued that the Yoruba peoples were losing their pre-eminent position in business in Nigeria to people of the Igbo tribe because the Igbo-dominated NCNC was part of the governing coalition and the AG was not. From 1959 to 1960, Jaja Wachuku was the First Nigerian Speaker of the Nigerian Parliament, also called the "House of Representatives." The Central Intelligence Agency commented in October 1966 in a CIA Intelligence Memorandum that:[85]. The NCNC represented the interests of the Igbo- and Christian-dominated people of the Eastern Region of Nigeria. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Their nearest linguistic relatives are the Igala who live on the opposite side of the Niger's divergence from the Benue, and from whom they are believed to have split about 2,000 years ago. circa 11th century onwards - Formation of city states, kingdoms and empires, including Hausa kingdoms and Borno. [110], The Ibadan School dominated the academic study of Nigerian history until the 1970s. In general, the topography of Nigeria consists of plains in the north and south interrupted by plateaus and hills in the centre of the country. Hundreds of languages are spoken in the country, including Yoruba, Igbo, Fula, Hausa, Edo, Ibibio, Tiv, and English. Other eroded surfaces, such as the Udi-Nsukka escarpment (see Udi-Nsukka Plateau), rise abruptly above the plains at elevations of at least 1,000 feet (300 metres). Flag. "A political history of Nigeria and the crisis of ethnicity in nation-building. When? They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The government alleged in early 1995 that military officers and civilians were engaged in a coup plot. The Nigerian Army, vastly expanded during the war, is both the main support to the FMG and the chief threat to it. The military rivalries of the Hausa states strained the region's economic resources at a time when drought and famine undermined farmers and herders. Trade is the key to the emergence of organized communities in the sahelian portions of Nigeria. According to the Bayajidda legend, the Banza Bakwai states were founded by the seven sons of Karbagari ("Town-seizer"), the unique son of Bayajidda and the slave-maid, Bagwariya. The mouth of this head is slightly open. History & Background. The Nok culture is thought to have begun smelting iron by 600-500 BC and possibly some centuries earlier. The Nigerian Civil War led some to question whether Nigeria was, in fact, a unified nation with a national history. This often leads to major explosions and high death tolls. Many top minds were co-opted with plum jobs in the administration and left academia. Much of Nigeria is covered with plains and savannas. Flora Shaw later Flora Lugard named the areas that fell within the Muurish Sokoto Emirate and Muurish Benin, Nigger area. Key Facts. However, the bloody nature of the Young Majors coup caused another coup to be carried out by General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. The period of British rule lasted until 1960 when an independence movement led to the country being granted independence. [72] On 1 January 1900, the British Empire created the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate. In August 1983, Shagari and the NPN were returned to power in a landslide with a majority of seats in the National Assembly and control of 12 state governments. It might suggest speech and that the figure has something to tell us. Eventually, the police with tear gas were required to quell the riot. Akintola was appointed to head a coalition government in the Western Region. Upon independence, it was widely expected that Ahmadu Bello the Sardauna of Sokoto, the undisputed strong man in Nigeria[76] who controlled the North, would become Prime Minister of the new Federation Government. The coastal areas are drained by short rivers that flow into the Gulf of Guinea. A separatist movement later formed the Republic of Biafra in 1967, leading to the three-year Nigerian Civil War. Large freshwater swamps give way to brackish mangrove thickets near the seacoast. The most mountainous area is along the southeastern border with Cameroon, where the Cameroon Highlands rise to the highest points in the country, Chappal Waddi (7,936 feet [2,419 metres]) in the Gotel Mountains and Mount Dimlang (6,699 feet [2,042 metres]) in the Shebshi Mountains. Biram was the original seat of government, while Zaria supplied labor and was known as the "Chief of Slaves." Much use was made of oral history and throughout the school took a strongly interdisciplinary approach to gather information. They can be found in Idah, Igalamela/Odolu, Ajaka, Ofu, Olamaboro, Dekina, Bassa, Ankpa, omala, Lokoja, Ibaji, Ajaokuta, Lokoja and kotonkarfe Local government all in Kogi state. [75] The federal government Prime Minister, Balewa agreed with the Akintola faction and sought to have the AG join the government. Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Provinces and Lagos Colony. In 1914, the area was formally united as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. 1.5: Nigerian Culture and History is shared under a not declared license . On 11 June 1994 Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola declared himself president and went into hiding until his arrest on 23 June. There's no documented date for exactly what day and month Nigeria got her name. Trans-Saharan trade routes linked the western Sudan with the Mediterranean since the time of Carthage and with the Upper Nile from a much earlier date, establishing avenues of communication and cultural influence that remained open until the end of the 19th century. Cotton grew readily in the great plains of these states, and they became the primary producers of cloth, weaving and dying it before sending it off in caravans to the other states within Hausaland and to extensive regions beyond. Christopher Hart, "The Nigerian elections of 1983.". However, the Igbo rejected attempts at constitutional revisions and insisted on full autonomy for the east. As of January 2010, he was still abroad. It arose at the University of Ibadan in the 1950s and remained dominant until the 1970s. [79] The dominant northern NPC went into a conservative alliance with the new Yoruba NNDP, leaving the Igbo NCNC to coalesce with the remnants of the AG in a progressive alliance. They discovered that Nigerians have to be civilized so as to be good customers. On 29 May 1967, Lt. Col. Emeka Ojukwu, the military governor of the eastern region who emerged as the leader of increasing Igbo secessionist sentiment, declared the independence of the eastern region as the Republic of Biafra on 30 May 1967. It was very modern, however, in the sources used. The neighboring Awka city-state rose in power as a result of their powerful Agbala oracle and metalworking expertise. The initiation rite of a new king shows that the ritual process of becoming Ezenri (Nri priest-king) follows closely the path traced by the hero in establishing the Nri kingdom. Niger African nation, named for the river Niger, mentioned by that name 1520s (Leo Africanus), probably an alteration (by influence of Latin niger "black") of a local Tuareg name, egereou n-igereouen, from egereou "big river, sea" + n-igereouen, plural of that word. This continued until the BBC aired an interview that was allegedly done via telephone from the president's sick bed in Saudi Arabia. Prehistoric inhabitants adjusting to the encroaching desert were widely scattered by the third millennium BC, when the desiccation of the Sahara began. The civil war that disrupted Kanem in the second half of the 14th century resulted in the independence of Borno. Excavations in Ugwuele, Afikpo and Nsukka show evidence of habitation as early as 6,000 BC. Hydromorphic and organic soils, confined largely to areas underlain by sedimentary rocks along the coast and river floodplains, are the youngest soil types. The University of Ibadan was the first university to open in Nigeria, and its scholars set up the history departments at most of Nigeria's other universities, spreading the Ibadan historiography. Hundreds of ethnic Hausa were killed in reprisal attacks in south-eastern Nigeria. The destruction of Songhai left Borno uncontested and until the 18th-century Borno dominated northern Nigeria. It has one of the largest river systems in the world, including the Niger Delta, the third largest delta on Earth. River basin development projects have created many large man-made lakes, including Lake Kainji on the Niger and Lake Bakolori on the Rima River. ", Ogbeidi, Michael M. "Political leadership and corruption in Nigeria since 1960: A socio-economic analysis. Each king is a ritual reproduction of Eri. Nigeria first became a republic in 1963, but succumbed to military rule after a bloody coup d'tat in 1966. The origin of Nigeria's educational policies dates back to the 1955 comprehensive education laws of the Western Nigeria, 1957 Universal Primary Education (UPE) of the Eastern region and the 1976 UPE national programme; the 2000 Universal Basic Education (UBE) is the baby programme which They arrived at Lagos and Benin in 1485 and the Merchants were welcomed. [61] The rules regarding these taboos were used to educate and govern Nri's subjects. The federal military government that assumed power under General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi was unable to quiet ethnic tensions on the issue or other issues. [21][22] Radiocarbon dating of a sample of charcoal found near the site dates the canoe at 8,500 to 8,000 years old, linking the site to Lake Mega Chad. 34 sought to do away with the whole federal structure under which the Nigerian government had been organised since independence. As part of a 15-month economic emergency plan, he announced pay cuts for the military, police, civil servants and the private sector. The oldest fossil remains found by archaeologists in the southwestern area of Iwo Eleru, near Akure, have been dated to about 9000 bce. The chiefs of Akwa Akpa placed themselves under British protection in 1884. [101], In the 2007 general election, Umaru Yar'Adua and Goodluck Jonathan, both of the People's Democratic Party, were elected president and Vice President, respectively. Nigeria gained its independence from Britain in 1960. The election was marred by electoral fraud, and denounced by other candidates and international observers.[102][103]. Toyin Falola, and Julius Omozuanvbo Ihonvbere. Nigeria. Gradually Borno's position weakened; its inability to check political rivalries between competing Hausa cities was one example of this decline. The Igala Kingdom expanded beyond the present-day boundary. The royal stool of Olu of warri was founded by an Igala prince. But the elections were marred by violence and allegations of widespread voter fraud included missing returns, polling places failing to open, and obvious rigging of results. At various moments in their history, the Hausa managed to establish central control over their states, but such unity has always proven short. [75], Capturing 89 seats in the federal parliament was the second-largest party in the newly independent country the National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC). He later attempted to renege on this decision, but without popular and military support, he was forced to hand over to Ernest Shonekan, a prominent nonpartisan businessman. The history of Nigeria can be traced to the earliest inhabitants whose remains date from at least 13,000 BC through early civilizations such as the Nok culture which began around 1500 BC. However, on 23 June, Babangida, using several pending lawsuits as a pretence, annulled the election, throwing Nigeria into turmoil. Acceptance of Islam was gradual and was often nominal in the countryside where folk religion continued to exert a strong influence. The new president faces the daunting task of rebuilding a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have been squandered through corruption and mismanagement. Communal violence has plagued the Obasanjo government since its inception. [41] "The period 1919-1935 was colonial imperialism's last territorial drive in Africa. Kano and Rano were known as the "Chiefs of Indigo." A new republic was planned to be established in 1993 but was aborted by General Sani Abacha. Rather than relaxing colonial strictures in gratitude after the war, the European presence in Africa intensified. [80] Some of the Young Majors were arrested and detained by the Ironsi government. [83] The Ironsi government's efforts to abolish the federal structure and the renaming the country the Republic of Nigeria on 24 May 1966 raised tensions and led to another coup by largely northern officers in July 1966, which established the leadership of Major General Yakubu Gowon. Nigerian History since early period till Colonial era January 2019 Authors: Tatiana Voloshina Belgorod State University Discover the world's research Content uploaded by Tatiana Voloshina Author. The vast country Kanem-Bornu reaching from Libya to Nigeria was created by the people of Zaghawa in nomadic Nilodic in the North-East of Nigeria by 700. [47], The Yoruba pay tribute to a pantheon composed of a Supreme Deity, Olorun and the Orisha. These tropical grasslands spread out as far as the eye can see . Shortly afterwards the AG opposition leader, Chief Obafemi Awolowo, was imprisoned to be without foundation. [29] The transition from Neolithic times to the Iron Age apparently was achieved indigenously without intermediate bronze production. Nonetheless, Kano and Katsina, with their famous mosques and schools, came to participate fully in the cultural and intellectual life of the Islamic world. Nigeria is bordered to the north by Niger, to the east by Chad and Cameroon, to the south by the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by Benin. In the 1959 elections held in preparation for independence, the NPC captured 134 seats in the 312-seat parliament. With the increase of resource spending and oil exportation, Nigerian GDP and HDI (Human Development Index) have risen phenomenally since the economically stagnant rule of Sani Abacha, but the primary population still survives on less than US$2 per day. Breunig, Peter. Shonekan was to rule until elections scheduled for February 1994. Rioting broke out in the North. Following World War II, in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British government moved Nigeria toward self-government on a representative and increasingly federal basis. The Federal government was given exclusive powers in defence, foreign relations, and commercial and fiscal policy. Aro and Abiriba cooperated to become a powerful economic force.[64]. The Buhari government was peacefully overthrown by the SMC's third-ranking member General Ibrahim Babangida in August 1985. It should not be confused with the modern-day country called Benin, formerly called Dahomey.[31]. - Offers a view of one of the main sources of income for the country. [60][61], With the decline of Nri kingdom in the 15th to 17th centuries, several states once under their influence, became powerful economic oracular oligarchies and large commercial states that dominated Igboland. Their history is reflected in the Bayajidda legend,[37] which describes the adventures of the Baghdadi hero Bayajidda culminating in the killing of the snake in the well of Daura and the marriage with the local queen magajiya Daurama. 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Origin of NAN A new development in the history of the mass media in Nigeria took place in 1976 with the establishment of an independent wire service-the NAN by the Federal Government. However, the opposition had accusations of electoral fraud in polls. The Young Majors went into hiding. The term means that people should be independent and live within political boundaries that corresponded to where they lived. Following the annulment of the June 12 election, the United States and others imposed sanctions on Nigeria including travel restrictions on government officials and suspension of arms sales and military assistance. In the early 15th century, white men came to Nigeria to explore. Rivers draining the area north of the Niger-Benue trough include the Sokoto, the Kaduna, the Gongola, and the rivers draining into Lake Chad. Abacha enforced authority through the federal security system which is accused of numerous human rights abuses, including infringements on freedom of speech, assembly, association, travel, and violence against women. Nri and Aguleri and part of the Umueri clan, a cluster of Igbo village groups which traces its origins to a sky being called Eri and significantly, includes (from the viewpoint of its Igbo members) the neighbouring kingdom of Igala. Other tribes such as the Nri Kingdom also . [8] From the 15th century, European slave traders arrived in the region to purchase enslaved Africans as part of the Atlantic slave trade, which started in the region of modern-day Nigeria; the first Nigerian port used by European slave traders was Badagry, a coastal harbour. circa 800 BC - Jos plateau settled by Nok - a neolithic and iron age civilisation. Ghana declined in the 11th century but was succeeded by the Mali Empire which consolidated much of western Sudan in the 13th century. Outline Map. [105][106] However, his re-election bid in 2015 was truncated with the emergence of former military ruler General Muhammadu Buhari, mainly on his inability to quell the rising insecurity in the country. The presidential election was finally held on 12 June 1993, with the inauguration of the new president scheduled to take place 27 August 1993, the eighth anniversary of President Babangida's coming to power. General Yakubu Gowon, head of the Federal Military Government (FMG) is the accepted national leader and his popularity has grown since the end of the war. The name Nigeria formulated by a British journalist Flora Shaw who later got married to Lord Frederick Lugard, the mastermind behind the creation of our beloved nation. At Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria, Nigeria, the Islamic Legitimist school arose that rejected Western models in favour of the scholarly tradition of the Sokoto Caliphate and the Islamic world. The economic collapse of the 1980s also greatly hurt the scholarly community, especially the sharp devaluation of the Nigerian currency. Another factor was the military threat of the Tuareg centred at Agades who penetrated the northern districts of Borno. In the precolonial period the country normally produced enough agricultural commodities to feed its population, and it even maintained a surplus for export. Additionally, the Obasanjo administration must defuse longstanding ethnic and religious tensions if it hopes to build a foundation for economic growth and political stabilityCurrently, there is conflict in the Niger Delta over the environmental destruction caused by oil drilling and the ongoing poverty in the oil-rich region[98].. A further major problem created by the oil industry is the drilling of pipelines by the local population in an attempt to drain off the petroleum for personal use or as a source of income. Lord Lugard Created Nigeria 104 Years Ago. According to one of the various myths about him, he founded Ife and dispatched his sons and daughters to establish similar kingdoms in other parts of what is today known as Yorubaland. The AG was manoeuvred out of control of the Western Region by the Federal Government and a new pro-government Yoruba party, the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP), took over. Other unions joined the strike, bringing economic life around Lagos and the southwest to a standstill. The history of Nigeria can be traced back to as early as 11,000 BC when a number of ancient African communities inhabited the area that now makes Nigeria. On 20 December 1997, the government arrested General Oladipo Diya, ten officers, and eight civilians on charges of coup plotting. Corrections? In early 1989 a constituent assembly completed a constitution and in the spring of 1989 political activity was again permitted. Thus, the AG was reduced to an opposition role in their own stronghold.[77]. [65] Akwa Akpa (named Calabar by the Spanish) became a center of the Atlantic slave trade, where African slaves were sold in exchange for European manufactured goods. [94] Abacha dissolved all democratic institutions and replaced elected governors with military officers. Nigeria is the seventh-most populous country in the world, home to more than 200 million people. Gently undulating plains, which become waterlogged during the rainy season, are found in these areas. [90] All of this meant that by 1979, Nigeria was the sixth largest producer of oil in the world with revenues from oil of $24 billion per year. A constituent assembly was elected in 1977 to draft a new constitution, which was published on 21 September 1978, when the ban on political activity was lifted. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21. Their capital city was situated about 100km north of present-day Oyo. The party leadership under Awolowo disagreed and replaced Akintola as premier of the West with one of their own supporters. In October 1989 the government established two parties, the National Republican Convention (NRC) and the Social Democratic Party (SDP); other parties were not allowed to register. In 1979, five political parties competed in a series of elections in which Alhaji Shehu Shagari of the National Party of Nigeria (NPN) was elected president. The school's output appears in the "Ibadan History Series."[111]. The first post-independence national government was formed by a conservative alliance of the NCNC and the NPC. As Nigeria works out representational democracy, conflicts persist between the Executive and Legislative branches over appropriations and other proposed legislation. The characteristic landforms of the plateaus are high plains with broad, shallow valleys dotted with numerous hills or isolated mountains, called inselbergs; the underlying rocks are crystalline, although sandstones appear in river areas. At the same time, rival schools developed. Although these soils can readily be leached and lose their fertility, they are the most productive agriculturally. [70] Nigeria is a West African country occupying an area of 923,769 sq. This name was coined on 8 January 1897, by the British journalist Flora Shaw, who later married Frederick Lugard, a British colonial administrator. Following the breakup of Mali, a local leader named Sonni Ali (14641492) founded the Songhai Empire in the region of middle Niger and western Sudan and took control of the trans-Saharan trade. "The petroleum industry is expanding faster than expected and oil revenues will help defray military and social service expenditures "Nigeria emerged from the war with a heightened sense of national pride mixed with an anti-foreign sentiment, and an intention to play a larger role in African and world affairs." However, in 1962, a faction arose within the AG under the leadership of Ladoke Akintola who had been selected as premier of the West. Concurrently the Saifawa Dynasty of Borno conquered Kanem and extended control west to Hausa cities not under Songhai authority. However, on June 12, 2018, General Muhammadu Buhari, as president, announced a shift in this date from May 29 to June 12, as from the year 2019. Each king is a ritual reproduction of Eri. 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