Occasionally, even to this day, small subterranean sections of the remains of the Main Building, such as portions of its air shafts or basement rooms, will collapse and cause slight indentations to appear on the surface a subtle reminder, perhaps, that the Main Building hasn't passed entirely from our midst. However, these formulas are reproduced only because they are of historic interest. [5], In 2014, Baltimore County plans on subdividing the hospital campus in order to create an 8.8 acre regional park for the Catonsville community. The Maryland Hospital for the Insane, often informally referred to as 'Spring Grove,' was officially renamed Spring Grove State Hospital in 1912 when funds were appropriated for additional hospital buildings (Acts of 1912). However, the powers of the corporation were temporarily suspended under an agreement with Colin Mackenzie's son, Dr. John Mackenzie. (One other source places the cost at, or around, $140,000.) Physostigmine are used today in medications to reduce intestinal spasm and give tone to relaxed muscular walls of the stomach and bowels. (The Pennsylvania Hospital did operate a free-standing affiliated psychiatric institute, the Institute of Pennsylvania Hospital, which was opened in 1841 and which closed in 1997.). The center section and the east wing of the building were completed and occupied first (July 5, 1920); the west wing wasn't added until 1926. Today, the Dayhoff Building, the White Building, and portions of the Stone Cottages are located on land that was part of the 1909 'Sunnyside' farm acquisition and not, as might be imagined, part of the hospital's original parcel of land, acquired in 1853. The primary treatment modality used during the period was called 'Moral Management' (see below). Before the Civil War, free and enslaved African Americans were also patients here. For example, the Hospital had installed gas lighting fixtures by 1858. The formula included ipecac, rhubarb, magnesia, kermes mineral, camphor and 'columba.' Spring City, PA 19475. Dr. James Smythe died in 1819, and Dr. Colin Mackenzie in 1827. It appears that the commission did not meet again until November 1867. There also seems to have been some uncertainty as to the cost of the hospital's construction. We are located in Catonsville, previously named by Money Magazine as one the best places to live! The From the outside the building was still quite impressive in its appearance and, in fact, it received some national attention as a monumental building and was considered a Baltimore landmark for many years. At the same time, a number of factors, including significant improvements in staffing ratios, new construction and closer affiliations with academic institutions such as the University of Maryland resulted in substantial improvements in the quality of the services provided by the hospital. According to a number of sources, the disagreement was over the fact that the Sisters refused to recognize that the decisions of the hospital's physicians were 'supreme' in all clinical and administrative matters. Dr. Richard Sprigg Steuart, then President of the Board and Medical Superintendent, managed to obtain authorization and funding from the Maryland General Assembly for the construction of the new facility at Spring Grove. For example, the color red was thought to ease melancholia (depression), and red stained glass was installed in certain windows. The purchase was completed in 1853, but construction of the new buildings was delayed by the Civil War, and the hospital was not finally completed until 1872,[5] when it was described by one contemporary as "one of the largest and best appointed Insane Asylums in the United States".[6]. Laundry Building. However, Spring Grove has traditionally used November 2, 1797, that date of the legislation that its establishment specifically as a facility for the treatment of the mentally ill. By all accounts, construction of the expanded facility started shortly after funds were appropriated and the site was officially selected in 1798. In the middle 1950's, Spring Grove became one of the first three state hospitals in the United States to become accredited by the Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Hospitals (now the JCAHO). In 1901 19,710 gallons of milk were produced by the hospital's herd of 24 cows. 1. Today, Spring Grove Hospital Center occupies approximately 200 acres, including baseball fields, soccer fields, and a community garden. $25,000 for the building's completion. (The Beacon, 1943) The accuracy of this report can not be confirmed. The university's retiring president . The nine members of the governor-appointed Board of Managers exercised full control over the institution. Other reports, probably more accurate (given the fact that Mr. Hopkins, a member of the Maryland Hospital's Board of Directors, had been actively involved with the institution for many years, and so, presumably, would have already been fully familiar with its buildings and location), indicate that Mr. Hopkins was approached by the State and was directly asked to make the purchase. According to a report published in 1836 by The Committee to Visit and Inspect the Maryland Hospital, Dr. Stokes' and his assistant each had annual salaries of $500. It should be noted that some of the patients at Spring Grove during the first half of the twentieth century did not suffer from what would necessarily be considered mental illnesses today. ], Erotomania [Masturbation was thought to be the cause of mental illness in about 8% of the admissions], Cloves, macerated into a coarse powder --30parts, Cinnamon, macerated into a coarse powder --30 parts. Work on the building stopped in 1862 and was not resumed until 1868. Contemporary references to the demolition of the 'original hospital' in the late 1830s are confusing in that the 1839 demolition of the 'original hospital' referred only to the demolition and replacement of just that portion of the west wing that had been the original hospital building in 1798. It held 362 patients by 1880, and 461 by 1893. The agreement allowed Dr. Mackenzie, the younger, to maintain control of the daily operations of the hospital and to be in receipt of any profits until his lease expired in 1834. The Maryland Infirmary [later known as the University of Maryland Hospital], founded by the College of Medicine's faculty, was not established until 1823. Copyright Maryland.gov. The men's industrial shop produced durable goods such as trousers, coats, vests, overalls, boots, shoes, wicker settees and other pieces of furniture, brooms, baskets and tents. In 1899 a separate Industrial Shop for men was built behind the Main Building. Drawings and other reports indicate that the replacement structure (1839) almost identically resembled the original structure (1798), at least on the outside. The wiring will be in molding (sic), instead of concealed work, which will greatly facilitate access in case of accident. Furthermore, the terms of the sale allowed Johns Hopkins to withhold $25,000 of the payment until such time as the General Assembly of Maryland passed a resolution that would afford him immunity from any unfriendly extensions of Baltimore City streets through the property. On April third of that year, the General Assembly passed an act that required the Maryland Hospital to be 'devoted exclusively to the treatment of lunatics.' Dr. Stueart was also replaced as the hospital's chief executive officer by John S. Conrad, M.D., who held the title of 'Medical Superintendent and Treasurer.'. These repairs evidently included the purchase of about three additional acres of land; the subdivision of two large, open wards on upper floors of the east wing into private rooms; the replacement of the (tin) roof of the 'center' portion of the building; improvements in the wall that surrounded the hospital (to prevent escapes and to enhance privacy); and the demolition and complete rebuilding of the section of the west wing that had at one time been the original hospital building; i.e., the c. 1798 hospital structure that, through a series of modifications and additions over a period of more than 30-years had become the western-most section of the west wing of the hospital. The Main Building was designed in accordance with the Kirkbride Plan, which called for a monumental center section, and two large wings one for male patients and one for females patients. Join us for a walk around the Spring Grove Hospital Center campus to see this partially abandoned historic facility where, among other things, the first and longest government-run psychedelic drug research program took place. More specifically, according to the report, 130 ounces of blood were drawn, over an unspecified period of time. It's not clear if this obligation referred to a debt that had somehow been acquired by the Confederate States of America for services rendered by the Maryland Hospital during the war or if it referred to a demand, during Reconstruction, for war retributions from the southern states. It will be necessary to retain the gas in the building to prevent being entirely without light in case of some accident to the electric apparatus.'. However, upon closer inspection both the basic structure and the interior were found to have been in 'ruinous' condition by the middle 1830's. unless the organs involved were found to have been diseased. He remained in that post until 1876. Other treatment interventions used in psychiatric hospitals duringthis period included the administration of various medications, including opioids (such as Laudanum) and other sedatives, and warm and cold baths. (Combination gas and electric chandeliers may be seen in some pictures from the turn of the 19th Century.) Despite further appropriations of $15,000 in 1856; $25,000 in 1858; another $25,000 in 1859; and $100,000 in 1860 (Acts of 1858, and Acts of 1860), construction progressed slowly -- and had stopped completely by the onset of the Civil War. To learn more about Spring Grove and its history, visit the By the 1920s it had been converted into a medical facility and later an insane asylum and a retirement home. Although leased to Drs Mackenzie and Smythe, who controlled the day-to-day operations of the hospital, both the City of Baltimore and the State of Maryland maintained at least titular oversight powers during this period -- and both entities continued to provide some of the hospital's funding. When our [alcoholic] patients go into it, they will be its first occupants. The building was heated by hot water pipes that ran to it from the nearby (and still extant) Boiler House that was located immediately to the building's west. In addition, the terms of the lease required the lessees to build a section that would connect the original building to the Centre Building (thereby forming a West Wing), as well as an 'east wing' that was to extend off the Centre Building in the opposite direction (ref: 1852 report of the Board of Visitors). employee cottages (in the employee According to the brief history written in 1843, after completion of the expansions that were overseen by Drs. However, the hospital's annual report of 1875 does note that a ward of the hospital was set aside specifically to treat 'inebriates.'. In 1800, Dr. J.J. Gireaud published a formula that he believed both prevented and cured yellow fever. On the other hand a colony under the management and direction of an institution already established could be made available for its beneficent purposes almost as soon as the land is acquired.'. According to the terms of the new lease, the 'Centre Building' was to serve exclusively as a 'lunatic asylum.' Not only did Mr. Neilson design the Main Building, he oversaw the entire project, from start to finish. The Maryland Board of Public Works on Wednesday approved the sale of the Spring Grove Hospital Center's 175-acre campus in Catonsville to the University of Maryland, Baltimore County for a nominal $1, despite concerns from mental health groups that the state lacks detailed plans to replace services provided by the centuries-old psychiatric facility. As noted above, 'General' patients were treated in the middle sections of the building, and the wards that housed the convalescent patients were closest to the hospital building's main entrance. (It is not known if the patient survived.) and Trevor J. Blank (Arcadia 2008), University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC), Adventist Rehabilitation Hospital of Maryland, Gladys Spellman Specialty Hospital & Nursing Center, Levindale Hebrew Geriatric Center and Hospital, Adventist Behavioral Health Eastern Shore, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spring_Grove_Hospital_Center&oldid=1148375769, Short description is different from Wikidata, Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Spring Grove Baseball Club. Veterans Administration Hospital at Perry Point) at Perry Point, Maryland. Baltimore, MD 21201 The A group of commissioners was appointed by the Maryland General Assembly. These deductions included a $2,000 withholding for a small parcel of land that had been considered part of the property but that could not convey because the Maryland Hospital did not hold clear title to it. 19.6 miles from Spring Grove, PA This old hotel, established in 1797, is haunted by Rachel, among other spirits. However, presumably the Maryland Hospital had no official connection with the Confederacy during the war. The report indicates that the use of the building had been offered at no cost to the 'Inebriate Asylum' by the State. At the time the inmates consisted of a few insane, a few physically sick indigents, and a few mariners who [had fallen] sick while their boats were in the thriving port of Baltimore.' However, there is clear evidence that African-American slaves were admitted as patients. (The Annual report of that year suggests that, unlike any of the other units in the hospital, the single African-American ward served both male and females patients.) The In 1911, the hospital treated 597 patients (though not all at one time). It looks like your browser does not have JavaScript enabled. However, this proved to be an unsatisfactory arrangement, primarily because the volunteer physicians found that their private practices were growing, and, at the same time, the demands of the Maryland Hospital were too great. With the active encouragement of Dr. Sprigg-Steuart and Ms. Dix, an additional $10,000 was appropriated by the General Assembly in 1852 to begin construction of the new hospital building. However, other reports indicate that many, or even most, patients were kept in 'strict confinement' -- either in individual 'cells' or behind the hospital's high walls. Some sources indicate that a dedicated building was erected specifically for the purpose by Captain Yellott in 1794. Women's Convalescent Cottages ('Stone Cottage' Group) and, more recently, the four The balance of the west wing, as well as the 'Center Building,' and the east wing were repaired, remodeled and improved in later years -- but these remaining portions of the building survived until they were demolished, along with the rest of the structure in the 1870s (see below). The 1836 report does indicate that the facility was clean, and that the patients were generally well cared for. Mackenzie and Smythe, the hospital was usually able to accommodate 'about 40 lunatics [i.e., patients with mental illnesses] and 150 [other] patients, with general diseases.'. I was working in the NICU which happened to also be on the fourth floor but on the opposite side. The new wing can be seen at the far south (right) side of the Main Building in the 1927 aerial view, above. Many of the patients are forensic court ordered with the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene testifying before the General. Originally, the hospital used the Sunnyside property as its main farmland.However, the demands of the growing hospital were such that within the next ten years it began to further expand its farmland by purchasing much larger tracks of land south of Wilkens Avenue, where the University of Maryland Baltimore County is located today. However, while the Retreat evidently did stand on the same parcel of land as the hospital that replaced it a few years later -- and although it must have been in close proximity to the 1798 hospital building (given the fact that the parcel of land in question wasn't particularly large) -- most historic evidence suggests that the building occupied by the Retreat was probably not the same building that housed the 'new' hospital that was founded by the Maryland Legislature in 1797. and that, at the same time, a significant amount of uncollected money was owed to the Hospital. Three gatehouses, originally known as 'lodges,' were built at the three main entrances to the groundsduring Dr. Gundry's tenure, but the gates were typically left opened during the day, and the fences were intended to remind the patients of the Hospital's boundaries, and to afford greater privacy -- and not as barriers to escape. Founded in 1797, it is the second oldest continuously operating psychiatric hospital in the country. This is the approximate location of today's Johns Hopkins Hospital. Consistent with popular images of psychiatric hospitals at the turn of the 20th-century, baskets were among the products manufactured. Rice Auditorium (officially known as the Thomas-Rice Auditorium) was opened in 1936. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the hospital expanded its land holdings and constructed new buildings. By the end of November 1852 the commission had hired an architect,J.Crawford Neilson (J. Crawford Neilson (1816 - 1900) was a noted Baltimore architect and was one of the founders of the Baltimore chapter of the American Institute of Architects. pressure on the upper floors was poor or non-existent, and, evidently, there were no 'water closets' (toilets) at all in the center section of the building. World War I affected Spring Grove in several ways. Rachel is believed to be the spirit of a Civil War nurse who seems to be looking for soldiers to help. A 1819 drawing of the hospital clearly shows that the hospital building -- including the Centre Building, and both the east and west wings -- had been completed by that date. She also cited a need to relocate the hospital to a more pastoral setting, outside the City of Baltimore. However, if these reports are accurate, the first use of the new facility at Spring Grove was as a Civil War (1861-1865) army hospital for wounded and sick servicemen. However, several annual reports from the end of the 19th-century [3], The present site was purchased in 1852 by which time the original buildings had become inadequate. White Building (originally known as the 'Disturbed Women's Building') was built in 1952, the Hamilton Building (originally known as the 'Admissions Building') in 1953, and the In co-operation with the social reformer Dorothea Dix, who in 1852 gave an impassioned speech to the Maryland legislature, Steuart chaired the committee that selected the hospital's present site in Catonsville, and he personally contributed $1,000 towards the purchase of the land. However, these accounts seem to be specious. On that date, there were at total of 36 patients at the hospital -- 26 of whom were termed 'lunatics' and 10 of whom were referred to as 'ordinary patients.' We do know that it was located on a now defunct byway that was known as the 'Old Road to Philadelphia' (later referred to as the 'Old Joppa Road'), just south of today's Monument Street in Baltimore. (Acts of 1813). . Under the provisions of the State Government Reorganization Act of 1922, Spring Grove was placed administratively within the Maryland Department of Welfare and under that department's Board of Welfare (Acts of 1922, art. Timothy Learys got nothing on Baltimore! parsley, sage, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, and grapes. Some sources suggest that the property, which, as is the case today, was partly wooded and contained a number of springs and small lakes or ponds, was renamed 'Spring Grove' by the purchasers. While some counties simply reneged completely on their commitment to pay for those of their indigent citizens who were confined to the Maryland Hospital, other counties only paid a portion of the agreed upon rate of $100 per year, per patient at the time. He has been called 'the true founder of [the] Spring Grove Asylum' because he was highly instrumental, not only in the selection and purchase of the Spring Grove site, but he also was central to the efforts to secure funds for the construction of the new hospital building. National Human Trafficking Hotline - 24/7 Confidential. One legend has it that Mr. Hopkins bought the property after his cousin, who, himself, was reportedly interested in the property, asked Hopkins to look at it for him. At least one of the early Spring Grove structures, the In that year, the hospital installed a fairly sophisticated sewage filtration and purification system that was built largely with patient and hospital staff labor. In addition to his abolition of the use of mechanical restraints, Dr. Gundry fenced the Hospital's grounds and opened them to regular access by the majority of the patients. In the following year, 1912, most of the remaining male patients of African descent were transferred from Spring Grove to Crownsville. outbuildings.). structured activities. Also by the middle 1890's a house telephone system was in place. Dr. Gundry died in 1891 following a long illness, while he was still superintendent. One of the structures that had been part of Sunnyside Farm when it was purchased by Spring Grove was a building that became known as 'The Dairy House.' Today, the Dayhoff Building, the White Building, and portions of the Stone Cottages are located on land that was part of the 1909 'Sunnyside' farm acquisition and not, as might be imagined, part of the hospital's original parcel of land, acquired in 1853. Although certainly not suggested in the 1857 report, an alternative explanation for the much higher 'cure rate' for the private patients could have been , of course, that they may very well have received better care and treatment than the public patients -- and, just like today, the private patients were probably more likely to have had housing available to them in the community. Presumably, if any additional patients remained at the Baltimore location after the new hospital at Spring Grove officially opened on October 7, 1872, these patients were transferred to Spring Grove fairly quickly afterwards; most of the old hospital had been razed by the end of 1873. Visit Spring Grove Cemetery daily from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. (extended summer hours can be viewed on the website); admission and parking are free and pets are prohibited. Despite the less than ideal circumstances for African-American patients at Spring Grove in the 19th and early 20th Century, conditions were far worse in the almshouses and jails -- where many mentally ill African-American Maryland citizens were confined. Of note is the fact that the referenced portion of the west wing was the structure that had been the original, c. 1798 building. Pharmacological treatments, as listed in the Spring Grove Formulary of August 8, 1899 included, for example, a recipe for 'Eau de Botot' -- said to have been the first commercial mouthwash and oral antiseptic. Dr. Richard Sprigg-Steuart, who had been President of the hospital's Board since 1828 was replaced as its President by C.W. He learned the art of bandaging while a medic during the First World War.) Roughly synonymous with what today might be a diagnosis of Schizophrenia or Manic Episode. The farm, which was purchased for $12,226, was known as 'Sunnyside.' Despite the new levels of administration, however, daily operation of Spring Grove remained the responsibility of its Board of Managers. The property purchased from Captain Yellott in 1798 included a tract of six and three-quarters acres of land at the crown of what was then called Loudenschlager's Hill. Note: Despite his 'founder' status, despite Dr. Steuart's many other contributions, and despite the fact that he held the title of 'President of the Maryland Hospital' for many years (almost to the time of his death), there has never been a 'Sprigg-Steuart Building' at Spring Grove. (The lease was later extended.) However, while the Pennsylvania Hospital does provide psychiatric services, it was never a psychiatric hospital -- and for that reason is usually not included in lists of the oldest psychiatric institutions. from which the 'fresh' water for drinking and bathing was collected. (The original building at Spring Grove, known in later years as the 'Central Building,' and then as the 'Main Building' or the 'Administration Building' or simply as 'Old Main,' was demolished in 1964. On the other hand, Spring Grove's A proposal to build two large additions, one at the southern end of each of the existing wings, was briefly considered. The additions were probably completed in stages, but the order of completion is not known. According to an 1870 report entitled, 'The Inebriate Asylum: Report of the Committee on the Temporary Organization of the Asylum,' permission had been granted in the previous year to allow an institution known as 'The Inebriate Asylum at Spring Grove,' a facility for the care and treatment of alcoholics, to temporarily occupy the completed north wing of the new hospital at Spring Grove (Main Building) for a period of two years. But on the fourth floor but on the opposite side by 1880 and... 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