We can all contribute to this by being vigilant and keeping cyber security top of mind. Router flapping is a router that transmits routing updates alternately advertising a destination network first via one route, then via a different route. A Stitched Network is a fully switched network is a computer network that uses only network switches rather than network hubs on Ethernet local area networks. 3. Flooding is an attack that attempts to cause a failure in a system by providing more input than the system can process properly. Source: CNSSI 4009-2015 (NIST SP 800-27 Rev. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a set of rules or protocol that is used along with the Internet Protocol to send data in the form of message units between computers over the Internet. Wiretapping is the process of monitoring and recording data that is flowing between two points in a communication system. An advanced persistent threat (APT) is a type of network attack. Source: NIST SP 800-21 Second Edition (NIST SP 800-57). Darknets networks are anonymous, and therefore users can communicate with little fear of governmental or corporate interference. Compliance is the act of adhering to the set standards, rules, and laws of regulatory bodies and authorities. The purpose of a server is to share data or hardware and software resources, hence allowing for the provision of services and data within a network. This allows you and your team to focus your time and effort on real threats. An Issue-Specific Policy is intended to address specific needs within an organisation, such as a password policy. Host-Based Intrusion Detection System (HIDS). Security specification is the detailed description of the safeguards required to protect an information system. Partitioning is the division of a computer hard disk or other secondary storage into one or more regions. A Voice Firewall is a physical discontinuity in a voice network that monitors, alerts, and controls inbound and outbound voice network activity based on user-defined call admission control (CAC) policies, voice application layer security threats or unauthorized service use violations. Stealthing is a term that refers to approaches used by malicious code to conceal its presence on the infected system. Cybersecurity Architecture is the information security layout that describes the overall structure, including its various components, and their relationships in an organization. Cleartext is data in ASCII format or data that is not coded or encrypted. English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989. A Symmetric key is a cryptographic key that is used in a symmetric cryptographic algorithm. The majority of viruses do not contain a payload; they simply replicate. Risk is the probability of that a vulnerability in a system or network will be exploited for attack, both intentionally or accidentlly. Network taps are generally used for network intrusion detection systems, VoIP recording, network probes, RMON probes, packet sniffers, and other monitoring and collection devices and software that require access to a network segment. It typically consist of two states: open and closed. Examples of input validation attacks include buffer overflow, directory traversal, cross-site scripting and SQL injection. This is an example of breached information security. Prevention of damage to, protection of, and restoration of computers, electronic communications systems, electronic communications services, wire communication, and electronic communication, including information contained therein, to ensure its availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and nonrepudiation. Gender, race, and geographic location are all examples of data elements. A list of discrete entities, such as hosts, email addresses, network port numbers, runtime processes, or applications that are authorized to be present or active on a system according to a well-defined baseline. Security information and event management (SIEM) is an approach to security management that seeks to provide a holistic view of an organization’s information technology (IT) security. to 192.168.255.255 (192.168/16 prefix). Response Team The incident response team is a team that meets regularly to review status reports, authorize specific remedies, and manage the response process. It is defined as OSPF Version 2 in RFC 2328 (1998) for IPv4. That Portfolio Committee 1 – Premier and Finance inquire into and report on cybersecurity and digital information management in New South Wales, and in particular: (a) The … Attackers use various malware and viruses to take control of computers to form a botnet (robotic network), which will send further attacks such as spam and viruses to target computers or networks. This process encrypts data into code, or decipher the code to a required key. One-way encryption or one-way hash function is designed in a manner that it is hard to reverse the process. a schema). A software development kit (SDK or “devkit”) is typically a set of software development tools that allows the creation of applications for a certain software package, software framework, hardware platform, computer system, video game console, operating system, or similar development platform. Manipulated variable is a process that is intended to regulate some condition, a quantity or a condition that the control alters to initiate a change in the value of the regulated condition. Digital signatures use the private key information of the sender and cannot be imitated or forged, easily. A botnet is a remote network of zombie drones under the control of a black hat. A reverse process, known as demultiplexing, extracts the original channels on the receiver end. They also help in streamlining or reducing the volume of traffic on a LAN by dividing the data into two segments. Security Testing is the process to determine that an information system protects data and maintains functionality as intended. Time to Live (TTL) or the hop limit is a mechanism that limits the lifespan of data in a computer or network. Zombie drones are used to cover the black hat’s tracks and increase the magnitude of activities by using other’s resources. Therefore, the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. The record of a user kept by a computer to control their access to files and programs. Typically developers will create a set of regression tests that are executed before a new version of a software is released. A Security Control Baseline is the set of minimum security controls defined for a low-impact, moderate-impact, or high-impact information system. Administrative safeguards focus on internal organization, policies and procedures, and the maintenance of security managers which are in place to protect sensitive patient information. Audit trail is a documented record of events or transactions. Consists of computer data or a network site that appears to be part of a network but is actually isolated and monitored. A Block cipher algorithm is a family of functions parameterized by a cryptographic key. High impact is the loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability that could be expected to have a severe or catastrophic adverse effect on organizational operations, organizational assets, individuals, other organizations, or the national security interests of the United States; (i.e., 1) causes a severe degradation in mission capability to an extent and duration that the organization is able to perform its primary functions, but the effectiveness of the functions is significantly reduced; 2) results in major damage to organizational assets; 3) results in major financial loss; or 4) results in severe or catastrophic harm to individuals involving loss of life or serious life threatening injuries). The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is an obsolete computer networking protocol used by a client computer to request its Internet Protocol (IPv4) address from a computer network, when all it has available is its link layer or hardware address, such as a MAC address. An electronic key management system is an Interoperable collection of systems being developed by services and agencies of the U.S. government to automate the planning, ordering, generating, distributing, storing, filling, using, and destroying of electronic key and management of other types of COMSEC material. Confidentiality ensures that rules are set that places restrictions on access to, or sharing of information with the aim of preserving and protecting the privacy of the information. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it complemented the Internet Protocol (IP). Information is stored on, and can be retrieved form the cloud or internet. Using a program to remotely determine which ports on a system are open (e.g., whether the systems allow connections through those ports). A controlled variable is the variable that the control system attempts to keep at the set point value. The process of changing ciphertext into plain text using a cryptographic algorithm and key. This means that the network services such as telnet, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) can be activated on demand rather running continuously. It is an effective way to get information in crowded places as one fill up a form, or enter a PIN number at an ATM machine. A virus or physical device that logs information sent to a visual display to capture private or personal information. Even if it does not cause outright damage, a worm replicating out of control can exponentially consume system resources like memory and bandwidth until a system becomes unstable and unusable. The organization may not function effectively and efficiently in the absence of an asset or information that is highly critical. It allows the user to display TCP/IP and other packets being transmitted or received over a network. It usually connects via a router. Registry is a system-defined database where applications and system components store and retrieve configuration data. Authorization is the right, permission or empowerment that is granted to a system entity to access the system resource and do something. It is randomly generated and is different each time a connection is established. With YARA you can create descriptions of malware families (or whatever you want to describe) based on textual or binary patterns. Insure. Access type is used to specify attributes. It is an exploitation of a valid computer session, sometimes also called a session key, to gain unauthorised access to sensitive information or services in a computer system or network. It is also a number associated with the amount of work (that is, the number of operations) that is required to break a cryptographic algorithm or system. It is a way of specifying the location of publicly available information on the Internet. A field site is a subsystem that is identified by physical, geographical, or logical segmentation within the ICS. As zombies are benign and non destructive, the users infected are usually unaware that it is there. Stack smashing is used to cause a stack in a computer application or operating system to overflow. An Internet Standard is characterised by technical reliability and usefulness. "Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1) is a cryptographic hash function designed by the United States National Security Agency and is a U.S. Federal Information Processing Standard published by the United States NIST. Traceroute is a tool the maps the route a packet takes from the local machine to a remote destination. 2. A Smurf Attack is a distributed denial-of-service attack where large numbers of Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) packets a spoofed IP is broadcast to a computer network. Privacy is the protection of a company's data from being accessed by unauthorized parties. Otherwise known as Public Key Information, Digital certificate is issued by Certificate Authority, and helps exchange information over the internet in a safe and secure manner. A Loopback Address is an pseudo address that sends outgoing signals back to the same computer for testing. Usually using a combination of technologies such as deep packet inspection, threat reputation, and advanced malware analysis, it provides enterprises with a proactive approach to security. Risk Management is the process of managing risks to agency operations, assets, or individuals resulting from the operation of an information system. Source: CNSSI 4009-2015, NIST SP 800-70 Rev 2. High availability is a feature that ensures availability during device or component interruptions. An independent professional security review that tests and examines a company's compliance with existing controls, the results of which enable an auditor to recommend necessary changes in security controls, policies and procedures. A logic bomb is a malicious program designed to execute when a certain criterion is met. The use of scripted tests which are used to test software for all possible input is should expect. A star network consists of one central switch, hub or computer, which acts as a conduit to transmit messages. It is used as a screen of numbers used for routing traffic within a subnet. In an organization, the people, processes, and technology must all complement one another to create an effective defense from cyber attacks. A cold site might have all the standard office things such as furniture and telephones, however there is unlikely to be any computer equipment in a cold site. CRITs (Collaborative Research Into Threats) is an open source malware and threat repository. Process in which network information is aggregated, sorted and correlated to detect suspicious activities. This is a handy reference for any security or IT pro. In computer and communications security, the security kernel is the central part of a computer or communications system hardware, and software that implements the basic security procedures for controlling access to system resources. The integrity of a system or network is the assurance that information is protected, and is only made available to those who are authorised. A Certificate Revocation List is an independent third party that verifies the online identity of an entity. A Jump Bag is a container that has all the items necessary to respond to an incident inside to help mitigate the effects of delayed reactions. Hardware is the physical components of an information system. A security perimeter is a well-defined boundary within which security controls are enforced. It is the opposite of encryption, the process of converting plain text to cipher text. Source: CNSSI 4009-2015 (Adapted from “Hacker”). It is a network node that is assigned a network layer host address. XSS enables attackers to inject client-side scripts into web pages viewed by other users. A polymorphic type is one whose operations can also be applied to values of some other type. This list is implemented differently by each operating system. It is frequently referred to as a WAP (wireless access point). It was the first decentralized peer-to-peer network of its kind. Cyber Operator - Cyber Operations - Conducts collection, processing, and/or geolocation of systems in order to exploit, locate, and/or track targets of interest. War chalking was inspired by hobo symbols and were conceived by a group of friends in June 2 2. In this document, entropy is stated in bits. Security Requirements Traceability Matrix (SRTM). A good hash function makes it hard to find two strings that would produce the same hash value. Any observable occurrence in a network or system. Malicious code is any code in any part of a software system or script that is intended to cause undesired effects, security breaches, or damage to a system. Typically it works as an application layer firewall. While they may not possess a lot of computing talent, they're easily as dangerous as hackers. Non-Repudiation refers to the ability of a system to prove that a specific user and only that specific user sent a message and that it hasn't been modified. Examples of some events are clicking of a mouse button or pressing the key. Configuration management (CM) is a systems engineering process for ensuring consistency of a product's performance, functional, and physical attributes with its requirements, design, and operational information. It is used to carry out large scale Denial of Service attacks or spam attacks. Cybersecurity is an every-day growing industry, which inevitably infiltrates in the day-to-day life of each of us. Nuclear weapons agency breached amid massive cyber onslaught. NGIPS (next generation intrusion prevention system) offers protection against advanced and evasive targeted attacks with high accuracy. A subnet mask is used to determine the number of bits that are used for the subnet and host portions of the address. Grooming is the act of cyber criminals who use the Internet to manipulate and gain trust of a minor as a first step towards the future sexual abuse, production or exposure of that minor. Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML, pronounced sam-el) is an XML-based, open-standard data format for exchanging authentication and authorization data between parties, in particular, between an identity provider and a service provider. [Wikipedia]. Network taps are hardware devices that help in accessing the data flow across a computer network. Y2K is short for the millennium bug. A WAP browser is a web browser for mobile devices such as mobile phones that uses the protocol. An unprotected share is one that allows anyone to connect to it. Masquerade attacks are generally performed by using either stolen passwords and logons, locating gaps in programs, or finding a way around the authentication process. A protocol is a set of rules to implement and control communications and associations between systems. In the case of digital signatures, the public key is used to verify a digital signature that was signed using the corresponding private key. War dialing is a technique of using a modem to automatically scan a list of telephone numbers, usually dialing every number in a local area code to search for computers, bulletin board systems (computer servers), and fax machines. Common text is a series of requirements defined by the International Organization for Standardization, that are being incorporated in all management system International Standards as they are revised. 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