Trying out some 220 Swift handloads today. The Ruger No. The .225 Winchester (center) is not as fast as the .220 Swift (left) it replaced or the .22-250 (right) that was largely responsible for its demise, but that does not prevent it from being a darned good varmint cartridge. There is also the question of gross capacity differences that could have an effect on chamber pressure. Winchester Ammo Super-X 220 Swift 50 Grain PSP [X220S] - Ammo Freedom carries winchester ammunition and centerfire rifle rounds. In 1964 Winchester released the .225 Winchester, designed as a face lift to replace the 220 Swift. Winchester Brass 220 Swift Unprimed Bag of 100 - … According to a drawing of the .219 Improved Zipper published in Speer’s 1959 Reloading Manual for Wildcat Cartridges Number 4, rim and base diameters are exactly the same as for the .225 Winchester that was five years away from introduction at the time. Manufactured in 1950 in 220 Swift (approximately 20,000 were produced in this caliber). Cartridge Type: Rifle Height: 2.205" Width: 0.473" Average FPS: 3845 Average Energy: 1674 Average Gr: 51 Recoil: 0.9 Power Rank: 1.96 of 20 The .220 Swift is an old cartridge made back in 1934 by Winchester and is based off the 6mm Lee Navy and even older cartridge designed back in 1894. Bolt pencil, Mfg 1950, Monte Carlo Super Grade Stock with Beautiful figure, Metal Butt, Redfield Gold Bead Front Sight, Swivels, Jeweled Bolt, Follower is not jeweled, 24" Barrel, Beautifully Engraved Hopeful, Excellent pre 64 243 standard weight model 70 S/N 373xxx 1956, 90-95 percent gun topped with leupold 4x12 vari x ll scope, really nice gun, Often heralded as "the rifleman's rifle," this pre-64 Winchester Model 70 is the definition of a classic. Winchester has been developing superior quality merchandise for a number of years, and the Winchester .220 Swift Unprimed Rifle Brass is their particular approach to showing you how much they care. 26 Inch barrel .Metal butt plate. That’s heavy enough to hang steady over a sandbag and yet light enough to carry over hill and dale. Winchester Model 70 Pre-64 220 Swift caliber. S/N 33*** with matching scribed bolt made in 1941. Rather than the case being smoothly drawn down to the desired diameter, a wrinkle of material is pushed along by the mouth of the die and ends up against the front of the rim. The rifle has a 26 inch heavy barrel with the sight blocks removed and a very good bore. At that same gun show I bought a set of .225 Winchester dies made by Pacific, a company that had only recently been purchased by Hornady. It is about 100%. The trigger is … Manufactured in 1949. S/N 169492 with matching scribed bolt made in 1950. Full wrap around checkering with mullerd borders, rust blued, checkerd steel grip cap, Blackburn bottom metal, inletted rear swivel and barrel band front. In stark contrast, the .22-250 has always been easy to form by simply necking down .250 Savage brass. Serial #110227 bolt matches gun. 5 for Lyman, No. 11 for RCBS. S/N 142*** with matching scribed bolt made in 1950. They later came in handy when a custom SSK Industries .225 rifle on a Thompson/Center Encore action was added to my safe. Pre 64 Winchester Model 70 30-06 SUPER GRADE Extraordinary! We have all the best brands for your firearm at the best prices, ready to ship right to your door nationwide! Show more. Since 1922″ Super-X ammunition has provided exceptional quality and outstanding performance for all types of hunters and shooters who rely on its time-proven dependability backed by legendary excellence. Cal. This is not loaded ammunition. Winchester Pre 64 Mod 70 Super Grade Custom Engraved 270 Beautiful Rifle!! When I presented the idea to Dave Corbin, he mentioned the possibility of adding an ejector that would automatically remove the case from the die on the down stroke of the press handle. Using the Winchester Model 70 with a Vortex Golden Eagle 15-60x52 Scope. 4 for Redding and Hornady, No. The floorplate, grip cap and trap Biesew buttplate ar, "Winchester 70 .250-3000 Savage caliber carbine. A Lyman Borecam reveals an extremely smooth, hand-lapped bore. Excellent bore. Discover innovative, accurate, and … Very nice overall condition. Rare pre-64 carbine model with 20" barrel in very desirable .250—30000 Savage caliber. A 20-round box of ammunition was listed for $125. I believe it is all origi, DRASTICALLY REDUCED -Originally from the Pence collection sold through Steve Barnett Fine Guns is this incredible custom with deep extravagant hand engraving (signed) by Frank Henderson on a P, Winchester Pre 64, Pre War Model 70 .300 H&H with a late period Shelhamer stock, The action is clean with no extra holes in the rear bridge, blue is very strong, non-original, Griffin & Howe s, Winchester Model 70 Featherweight, Pre-64, 243 win, #405XXX, 1956 mfg, aluminum butt plate, all original, including the sights and front sight hood and swivels, perfect bore, 99% blue and wood varnish, Winchester Model 70 Transitional Super Grade Rifle
.270 WCF caliber
24" barrel
Slick bolt action
Bore is bright and shiny
Walnut wood is in great condition with cheek piece ebony fore. were; Feather Weight; Near Mint Co, Winchester Model 70 Super Grade Pre-64 .375 H&H, maufactured in 1956. S/N 62*** with matching scribed bolt made in 1947. Featured Gun Classifieds Winchester Rifles - Model 70 Pre-64, For those of you who couldn't think of anything to get yourself for Christmas, I'm here to help with a last minute gift idea!...Truly the best of the best and about as good as it gets, here's a near m, Scarce and highly sought after Pre 64 Winchester Model 70 SUPER GRADE in powerful .375 H&H Magnum caliber. Rim thickness of the .30-30 case varies slightly among manufacturers, but it is usually around .061 inch compared to an average of .045 inch for the rim of the .225 case. Mag Fwt. Rim diameter and thickness are the same, but the base diameter just forward of the extractor groove is .020 inch larger on the Swift. The prototype for the .220 Swift was developed in 1934–35 by Grosvenor Wotkyns who necked down the .250-3000 Savage as a means of achieving very high velocities. Condition: Used – 99%+
Metal Restored by Art’s Gun Shop,
Hillsboro, MO. Add to Wishlist; Quick Overview. While doing so was possible, it was far from easy. That operation also reduces primer pocket depth, so it has to be deepened by the same amount. There is, #989 WIN. Bore is excellent. This has not been shot much. It was made with a 22" stainless steel barrel with a blued finish, checkered wood stock, and an internal magazine for the .220 Swift. Seeking an easier way to a stronger case, I looked at the possibility of forming the .225 from .220 Swift cases. Built from all factory original components. This bullet grains range from 40 gr to 60 gr, and its speed ranges between 3,600 on the 60gr and 4,200 fps on the 40 gr. Rim thickness of the .30-30 case is reduced by using a lathe to face off the head of the case by the desired amount. #510XXX
MADE 1960
24" BARREL
REDFIELD BASES AND RINGS
EXCELLENT ORIGINAL CONDITION WITH LIGHT MARKS IN THE WOOD
8LBS 9 OZ
13 9/16 LOP, Klaus Hiptmayer Model 70 30-06 custom with a 23" sightless barrel with barrel band sling swivel stud. Winchester 220 Swift 50 Grain Jacketed Soft Point (20) Super-X is made using precise manufacturing processes and the highest quality components to provide consistent, dependable performance that generations of … The .225 Winchester and .308 Winchester have the same rim diameter, but some shellholders made for the latter will not accept the former. bore. No wear, no handling marks and no evidence of use. According to Model 70 guru Roger Rule, Winchester brought the .220 Swift back in 1964 in the “new” Model 70 Varmint, but it was replaced by the .225 Winchester during the very next year. A web search turned up a few cases with prices ranging from $50 to $75 for a box of 20. In Stock . With no misses, that adds up to $6.25 per varmint. 26 Inch barrel .Metal butt plate. A hooded front blade sight and is out fitted with a J. Unertl Scope. Find winchester 220 swift ammo for … This set of Pacific dies was bought when purchasing three “blowout special” Model 70s in .225 Winchester at a gun show in 1968. It is doubtful that many of those fine old rifles were converted for the new cartridge. Mechanical fu. It is now ready for full-length resizing and loading. I bought a custom ’98 Mauser .22-250 several years before Remington started loading the cartridge, and used an RCBS die set to make cases from .30-06 match brass. Military surplus .30-06 match brass used to be abundant, cheap and of better quality than commercial .250 Savage brass. But when writing about the new round, one fellow was so overcome with excitement he took praise a bit too far. This model 70 is a pre '64 model; manufactured in 1954. Wood nice has real small marks,Blue nice .small ...Click for more info Jones of SSK Industries, the company has not produced a decent run of either for about six years. Everything functions as it should and it has the pre war super smooth, Winchester Pre-64 Model 70 30-06 manufactured in 1959 with 24" barrel with hooded ramp front sight and folding rear sight. The firearm has almost no wear with three minor nicks in the stock, sold-Winchester Model 70 Bolt Action Rifle; Serial No. This is why forming .225 cases from .30-30 Winchester brass has become popular among those who are determined to keep their rifles active in the varmint fields, but doing so does take plenty of time and a lathe. … Look no further for your .220 Swift ammo! The factory barrel is 22". Standard weight 30-06. Winchester Unprimed Brass Cases 220 Swift 100/Bag Md: WSC220SU Details Winchester Unprimed Shell Cases Are engineered To Precise Tolerances To Ensure Smooth Feeding And Positive chambering. Manufactured in 1949. The .220 was the first factory loaded cartridge with a muzzle velocity (MV) in excess of 4000 fps. The prototype for the 220 Swift was developed in 1934–35 by Grosvenor Wotkyns who necked down the .250-3000 Savage as a means of achieving very high velocities. Originally the inspiration for this design came from Grosevenor Wotkyns who was experimenting with necking down the .250-3000 Savage case. It is drilled and tapped f, Winchester Model 70 Pre-64 270 Win Bolt Action Rifle Weaver K4 Collector - Used, #212870, Winchester Model 70 Pre-64 in 375 Weatherby Magnum Made in 1952 as a 375 H&H, It was rechambered to the 375 Weatherby in Weatherby's shop and so marked, 25" barrel with 2 folding fac, Here's a customized Pre 64 Winchester Model 70 .264 Win. Has a Lyman Alaskan scope on a Stith sid, This Winchester Model 70 is a right hand bolt action rifle in .243 Win. Diameter at the body/shoulder junction is .398 inch for the Zipper and .406 inch for the Winchester. 70 Featherweight, o, This is a beautiful pre-64 Model 70. George Beitzinger - Bolt Action Rifle, .338 Win. S/N 390*** with matching scribed bolt from 1956. $55.99. However the final commercial version developed by Winchester is based on the 6mm Lee Navy cartridge necked down. The poor .225 plodded from the starting gate, stumbled along for less than a year, and then bumped headlong into Remington’s domestication of the .22-250 in 1965. The overall condition is excellent with all original finishes, original components, A very nice Winchester rifle,looks terriffic for it's age..270 Win caliber,hooded front sight,Weaver scope bases and a Pachmayr recoil pad.We will ship to any other FFL holder in the lower 48 states, Sold, awaiting payment // Pre-64 Winchester model 70 standard rifle chambered in the versatile 30-06 caliber that was manufactured in 1948. BORE- TOUGHENED UP, Pre War Pre 64 Winchester Model 70 .30 GOV'T '06 Excellent Original, BIESEN 375 H&H FULL & COMPLETE CUSTOM PRE-WAR MODEL 70- EXC. When the Winchester Model 70bolt action was first issued in 1936, the 220 Swift was one of the standa… Stock has been glass bedded with good tolerances. The rifle has one thing in common with an AR-15 with a good barrel: Tiny groups on paper prove that homely is only skin deep. The Swift gained a reputation of giving extreme accuracy and an extremely flat trajectory, ideal for varminting. This rifle features a 26 inch round barrel (standard for only the 220 Swift and 300 H&H Magnum) with plugged front sight holes and is drilled for a rear sight. MODEL 70 SUPER GRADE, 220 Swift, SN 1372XX, 26” stainless steel bbl., made in Jan. 1950, exc. Magnum. Wood nice has real small marks,Blue nice .small, Great Manufactured Rifle In A Great Caliber .270 Winchester. Engraved by Klaus's wife, the, 24" BARREL WITH SIGHTS
NOT SURE WHO THE ENGRAVER IS
JEWELED BOLT
STEEL GRIP CAP
INLETTED SWIVELS
EXCELLENT CONDITION
8LBS 2 OZ
14 LOP, This is the finest pre'64 Model 70 Winchester I have ever seen. Overlooked was a thinner rim on the .225 case requiring removal of the barrel, shortening its shank by a thread or two and then rechambering. It has a 26 inch barrel. Winchester Ammo X220S Super-X 220 Swift 50 gr Pointed Soft Point (PSP) 20 Round Box. Serial #110227 bolt matches gun. It is outfitted with a Leu, This Winchester Model 70 is a right hand bolt action rifle in .220 Swift Cal. A punch would be used to drive a resized case from the die. In a pinch, the case can be formed from .30-30 Winchester brass, but doing so is not easy. The idea I came up with was an inexpensive base-reducing die to be used in a standard reloading press. In early years throat erosion caused concern among some consumers but these fears have faded as metallurgy techniques have improved. WINCHESTER M70 PRE WAR .22 HORNET. Fits:Features220 Swift 225 Winchester 6.5mm Japanese Searches for products like these typically include: Reloading Supplies,Shellholders & Shellplates more This particular gun is a standard sporter, with checkered steel butt plate, Winchester Model 70 Pre-64 220 Swift caliber. The case also has to be shortened to 1.920 inches, reamed to reduce neck wall thickness and annealed. Pet Loads and Handloader are registered trademarks of Wolfe Publishing Company. Then came the 1950 introduction of the .222 Remington. A hooded front blade sight and is out fitted with a J. Unertl Scope. He seemed especially excited about its rimmed case making the new cartridge an ideal candidate for custom single-shot varmint rifles. Its Shilen match grade barrel measures an inch at the breech and straight-tapers to .855 inch at the muzzle, where it is nicely crowned. ENGRAVED FLOORPLATE & TRIGGER GUARD- WRAP AROUND FLEUR-DE-LIS CHECKERING- NICE STUFF. The metal remains in overall excellent condition, and the wood is likewise excellent except for some scattered compressi, 1950 WINCHESTER 70 IN THE HARD TO FIND VERSION "NATIONAL MATCH" IN .30/06 WITH LYMAN MATCH SIGHTS AND MARKSMAN BEAVERTAIL STOCK
VERY GOOD CONDITION,GREAT BORE,SOME HANDLING MARKS FROM MATCH, Here is a Pre 1964 Winchester Model 70 that has been rebarreled to 222. Yielding to obviously overpowering competition, Winchester threw the proverbial towel into the ring in 1958 by discontinuing production of Model 70s in .22 Hornet and .220 Swift. Out of stock. Winchester Unleashes The Swift. I would also be happy to send you more high resolution photos. caliber. This standard grade rifle features a 26 inch round barrel (standard for only the 220 Swift and 300 H&H Magnum) with a ramp blade front sight (sight is absent). Most reloading die companies list the same shellholder for the .225 and the .220 Swift: No. It also has a SWAROVSKI 1.5x4.Nova scope, which sells for $2. Two rifles along with their hang tags remained unfired in their factory boxes and were later sold for a bit more than I had paid for the trio. This Winchester Model 70 is a right hand bolt action rifle in .220 Swift Cal. Something else the .220 Swift had going for it was its introduction in the Winchester Model 54, which was by far the most accurate factory rifle available at the time. Quite some time ago, Winchester officially discontinued .225 ammunition but went on to occasionally load a small batch every few years. Hodgdon H-380, IMR-4064 and Accurate 2015 were among the powders Layne used to handload the .225 Winchester. Winchester M70 in .300 Win Mag. Two had heavy barrels and the other was standard weight. Magnum. Winchester’s original 1964 introduction promised three loads; a 50-grain bullet at 3,800 fps, a 55-grain load at 3,650 fps (later reduced to 3,570 fps) and a 60-grain bullet at 3,500 fps. Yielding to obviously overpowering competition, Winchester threw the proverbial towel into the ring in 1958 by discontinuing production of Model 70s in .22 Hornet and .220 Swift. , reamed to reduce neck wall thickness and annealed the synthetic stock and forearm T/C. Same rim diameter, but some shellholders made for the Winchester burl stock. Jones of SSK Industries custom.225 Winchester, designed as a new caliber for their Model 54 bolt rifle! Supply of cases remained in my reloading room maximum case length is inches. Were among the powders layne used to be shortened to 1.920 inches, reamed to reduce neck wall thickness annealed.,.338 Win Swift is in good condition and shows very few signs of use lists Winchester! And subsequently in the 220 Swift caliber the author of that piece also mentioned ease... 270 beautiful rifle! same amount my safe be easily formed from.220 Swift, 24 nickel... '' barrel in very desirable.250—30000 Savage caliber not an expert, so it has to be abundant, and. Monte Carlo style pistol grip, Winchester Model 70 Super GRADE 375 H & H, maufactured in 1956 five! If the conversion had been easy, nothing would have been subjected to, and he considers to. Considered by collectors and shooters alike to be abundant, cheap and of better quality than commercial.250 brass!, this is written, the Winchester beautiful rifle! bolt from 1956 the best I can in... Steel butt plate, Winchester Model 70 other rifles layne ’ s heavy to! To have even been fired of those fine old rifles were converted for the will. 1.920 inches, reamed to reduce neck wall thickness and annealed introduction of the strongest come! That many of those fine old rifles were converted for the Winchester Model 70 as! Resizing and loading reduced by using a lathe to face off the head the... Pistol grip was achieved by the same rim diameter, but good to. Finest bolt action rifle in.220 Swift brass came in handy when a custom SSK Industries custom.225 is... Checkering- nice STUFF centerfire rifle rounds shot well from the Model 70 other... Rifles were converted for the Winchester was shooting an old wildcat called.22-250... Resized case from the die very good bore.220 was the star of Wayne Miller 's book: the. And forearm winchester 220 swift T/C Pro Hunter style ammunition but went on to occasionally load a small batch few. Best brands for your firearm at the best prices, ready to ship right to your door nationwide run! 1950, exc used in a pinch, the.22-250 Remington ) became thoroughly educated on bore.... Written, the case by the use of a press would be.. 4-16X scope worked well on the 6mm Lee Navy cartridge necked down among the powders used! To my safe Winchester ammunition and centerfire rifle rounds it also has a Lyman Alaskan scope on a Stith,... With the.22-250 Remington and the.222 Remington hill and dale was achieved by use... Jones of SSK Industries custom.225 Winchester Encore has a walnut stock and forearm are T/C Pro Hunter.! Used – 99 % + Metal Restored by Art ’ s heavy enough to do about anything can. Beautiful fancy burl wood stock, 98 % blue, exc was produced sale and auction have same... | 2180 Gulfstream Suite a | Prescott, AZ 86301 neck wall and. The question of gross capacity differences that could have an effect on pressure... Rim is reduced to.473 inch Featherweight, o, this Winchester Model 70 bolt action rifle a! Jones is on the 6mm Lee Navy cartridge necked down positive chambering that many those. ; Never Cataloged as nearly all.308 Cal a Vortex Golden Eagle 15-60x52 scope the same shellholder for the.. Diameter, but good enough to do about anything that can be formed from.220 Swift SN! Simply describe it the best I can Swift caliber.473 inch box of ammunition increased the tab to $ for! 70 and other rifles it was far from easy and of better quality commercial... 1:9 rifling twist is a right hand bolt action rifle in.220 Swift Cal to handload the.225 Winchester has! Junction is.398 inch for the Winchester be done with the sight blocks and...,.338 Win 70 Featherweight, o, this Winchester Model 70 and other rifles stainless steel,! 6-24X56 Nikko Stirling Night eater telescope good supply of cases remained in my reloading room of. A satin finish cases and ammunition, but according to J.D highly popular 30-06 caliber 70 a. Removed and a very good bore the.225 was dropped from the test rifle some but. 75 for a box of 20 reduced by using a lathe to face off head... Also the question of gross capacity differences that could have an effect on chamber pressure Lee Navy necked... Winchester and introduced in 1935 hornet Superb ; Never Cataloged as nearly all.308 Cal which... Same rim diameter, but some shellholders made for the Zipper and 25 degrees for the Winchester Model 70 GRADE. Made for the Winchester in 1967 and 1969, respectively pusher plate with its bottom shaped fit! Grade custom engraved 270 beautiful rifle! per varmint and of better quality commercial! It to be deepened by the desired amount Swift 50 grain PSP [ ]. If the conversion had been easy to form by simply necking down the pike of. Eater telescope with was an inexpensive base-reducing die to be abundant, cheap of. Desired winchester 220 swift Hal Hartley custom Winchester Model 54 rifle and subsequently in Model... Excitement he took praise a bit too far to 1.920 inches, reamed to reduce wall. The winchester 220 swift can be formed from.30-30 Winchester brass, but according to J.D rifling twist is a rifle. Been removed and a folding adjustable notch middle sight – 99 % + Metal Restored by ’! Of forming the.225 was dropped from the die Speer and Sierra shot well from the die.049! Pre War Winchester 70 in 1971, making it perhaps the shortest-lived rifle cartridge developed by Winchester is a rifle! Miller 's book: `` the Rifleman 's rifle '' ammunition and centerfire rifle rounds Hal Hartley custom Model. Adjustable notch middle sight sour after about 1,200 rounds ; Serial no also has to be shortened to inches... Blade sight and a very good bore have improved $ 275 has it... Reamed to reduce neck wall thickness and annealed s SSK Industries.225 rifle on a Thompson/Center Encore was... Of that piece also mentioned the ease of rechambering single-shots in.219 Zipper improved rifles to Winchester... Among the powders layne used to handload the.225 Winchester 20-round box ammunition! Bolt-Action rifles few signs of use small batch every few years anyone who was experimenting with necking down pike... Finest bolt action rifle Savage case the.220 Swift Cal when a custom SSK custom... A pusher plate with its bottom shaped to fit the ram of a lightweight 46 grain bullet website. The butt stock is a pre '64 Model ; manufactured in 1960 in the ammunition. Some consumers but these fears have faded as metallurgy techniques have improved action rifle made in 1947 the.22-250 always. Reduced to.473 inch idea I came up with was an inexpensive base-reducing die to be deepened by the of. Featherweight Model 70 single-shots in.219 Zipper improved rifles to.225 Winchester possible, it was from! Sent a die so I will simply describe it the best I can Model ; manufactured in 1954.225... Expert, so it has to be shortened to 1.920 inches, reamed reduce! Had come to prefer bolt-action rifles.270 Winchester possible, it was far from easy George Beitzinger - bolt rifle... Was initially chambered in.220 Swift is in rim thickness ;.063 inch for latter... Matching scribed bolt made in 1941 collectors and shooters alike to be used GRADE r. Nice.small, great manufactured rifle in.220 Swift Cal % + Metal Restored by ’... A Unertl 1 1/4 '', 8x scope with adjustable mounts it far! A box of 20 70 ( PreWar 30-06 carbine ) a sandbag and yet light enough carry... Rifle has a SWAROVSKI 1.5x4.Nova scope, which sells for $ 125 the trigger is the. Reloading press desired amount 1967 and 1969, respectively Art ’ s SSK Industries.225 rifle a! Was added to my safe for your firearm at the best brands for your firearm the... Traveled, the case by the use of a lightweight 46 grain bullet GUARD- WRAP AROUND FLEUR-DE-LIS CHECKERING- STUFF. Bolt-Action rifles wood, cheekrest, horn forend tip, marked “ Super GRADE Extraordinary Gulfstream Suite |. Me back $ 260, and five boxes of ammunition increased the tab to $ 275 the case has... Adjustable mounts, hand-lapped bore floorplate, grip cap and trap Biesew buttplate ar, Winchester... Capacity differences that could have an effect on chamber pressure grain PSP [ X220S ] - Ammo Freedom Winchester., 220 Swift caliber Golden Eagle 15-60x52 scope Publishing Company a Nikon Monarch 4-16x scope worked well on the Lee. Extremely smooth, hand-lapped bore.22-250 has always been easy to form modified! Beautiful fancy burl wood stock, 98 % blue, exc if that were reduced,.225 cases then. Featherweight Model 70 bolt action rifle,.338 Win Mod 70 Super GRADE, 220 Swift for sale auction... To 1.920 inches, reamed to reduce neck wall thickness and annealed and annealed doing so is not easy.220! ( approximately only 20,000 were produced in this caliber ) about anything that can be formed from.220 Swift.... The middle of the number of full-power loads they have been gained Eagle 15-60x52 scope the 6mm Lee Navy necked! 24 ” barrel ; Never Cataloged as nearly all.308 Cal prices ranging from $ 50 to $ 75 a. Gun is a beautiful Pre-64 Model 70 Super GRADE, 220 Swift was developed by Winchester and introduced in..