Aims. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M206756200, Kato, S., Soshino, M., Takaichi, S., Ishikawa, T., Nagata, N., Asahina, M., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.05.010, Takeyama, H., Kanamaru, A., Yoshino, Y., Kakuta, H., Kawamura, Y., and Matsunaga, T. (1997). Identification and functional analysis of the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene (crtE) and phytoene synthase gene (crtB) for carotenoid biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis. (2003). Biomol. Putative enzymatic mechanism for synergistic paramylon degradation in Euglena gracilis (C). doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.07.018, Mahapatra, D.M., Chanakya, H.N., and Ramachandra, T.V. Production of very long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in plants. Contribution to journal Article peer-review nitrogen, and phosphorus) under the oxygen-free environment led to a favorable condition for lipid accumulation. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191462, Takeda, T., Nakano, Y., Takahashi, M., Konno, N., Sakamoto, Y., Arashida, R., et al. Biochem. Food Sci. Shown are ellipses and rods without biomembrane (Bumer et al., 2001; Monfils et al., 2011). Growth and chemical composition of Spirulina maxima and Spirulina platensis biomass at different temperatures. These findings highlight the potential of E. gracilis enzymes for the microbial production of biofuels (Teerawanichpan and Qiu, 2010; Tomiyama et al., 2017; Nandy and Srivastava, 2018). Biogas and bio-oil can also be produced from microalgal carbohydrates via thermochemical conversion processes like gasification at high temperatures or pyrolysis in the absence of oxygen, respectively (Behera et al., 2014). Cell Factories 12, 117. Schiff, J.A., Lyman, H., and Russell, G.K. (1980). Microb. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1160362, Yadavalli, R., Rao, C.S., Rao, R.S., and Potumarthi, R. (2014). doi: 10.1002/jbmr.2709, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Ak Sonat, F., Alcay, S., Toker, M.B., Peker, S., and Ustuner, B. Opin. In Vivo 32, 799805. Regardless of the cultivation mode, dried E. gracilis cell mass would be competitive in terms of its protein content with fresh high-protein animal products such as beef, chicken or fish, of which the protein content usually does not exceed 0.4 g/g after cooking (Table 1). 10, 555559. Biotechnol. A maximum E. gracilis biomass titre of ~48 g DW/L culture was achieved in a fed-batch HT cultivation strictly in the dark, using a jar fermenter (2 L working volume) with glucose concentrations kept constantly above 1 g/L (Ogbonna et al., 1998). Currently, the health-enhancing properties of paramylon are exploited in this way by several new or already established companies in Japan and the United States, which are selling paramylon-rich E. gracilis whole cell meal or extracted paramylon (Barsanti and Gualtieri, 2018). Ammonia- and light-induced degradation of paramylum in Euglena gracilis. For example, intracellular lipids of a mutant strain generated by Fe-ion irradiation of the WT parental strain were stained with a boron-dipyrromethene dye (BODIPY505/515) to isolate high-producers using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Euglena in time: evolution, control of central metabolic processes and multi-domain proteins in carbohydrate and natural product biochemistry. Euglena gracilis is a good source of vitamins A, C, and E and amino acids, which are essential for the human diet. Nickel accumulation by the green algae-like Euglena gracilis. -1,3-glucan chain (~700 n 3,000) (Miyatake and Kitaoka, 1983; Koizumi et al., 1993; Barsanti et al., 2011). 1, 15. The effect of -glucans on porcine leukocytes. So far, only two E. gracilis enzymes involved in paramylon degradation have been characterised, an endo--1,3-glucanase and a laminaribiose phosphorylase (LBP)/-1,3-glucan phosphorylase (-1,3-GP) involved in paramylon degradation have been characterised (Vogel and Barber, 1968; Takeda et al., 2015; Kuhaudomlarp et al., 2018). Production of wax esters via microbial oil synthesis from food industry waste and by-product streams. Microb. J. Rev. The majority of the E. gracilis-derived lipids (WEs and FAs) are suitable for biodiesel production because they are saturated or have a low degree of unsaturation (Rosenberg, 1963; Tucci et al., 2010; Furuhashi et al., 2015). Large . 54, 255259. 31, 107115. Euglena is a rare organism that combines both plant and animal cell characteristics to efficiently absorb nutrients. Anal. From these, paramylon is already marketed as an immunostimulatory agent in nutraceuticals. doi: 10.1039/C3MT00313B, Garca-Garca, J.D., Pea-Sanabria, K.A., Snchez-Thomas, R., and Moreno-Snchez, R. (2018). Remarkably, paramylon has been shown to reduce the risk of cancer. 1.31) from Euglena gracilis Z. Arch. (2010). This study aimed to determine the effect of E . doi: 10.1007/s10811-017-1235-y, Kiss, J.Z., Vasoconcelos, A.C., and Triemer, R.E. Its most studied wild-type strains are Z and bacillaris, but their discrimination by standard molecular methods is difficult.Therefore, we decided to test the suitability of MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry . 97, 322329. Carbohydrate Polymers 93, 499505. doi: 10.1016/S1389-0344(03)00060-1, Rigotti, A. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2014.00090, Bird, R.P. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). doi: 10.1007/s002940000174, Dragosits, M., and Mattanovich, D. (2013). Distribution of the mevalonate and glyceraldehyde phosphate/pyruvate pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis in unicellular algae and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6714. 6, 8493. Trichoderma reesei, a superior cellulase source for industrial applications. Korn, E.D. The two predominant options for the mass cultivation of microalgae are: (i) closed (photo)bioreactors; and (ii) open systems exposed to the environment. A history of vitamin E. Ann. -tocopherol content of greek virgin olive oils. (2005). Mol. 71, 885890. Biotechnol. 79, 371378. Only recently, it has been shown that microwave pretreatment of the granules can be used to enhance the activity of paramylon-degrading enzymes, yielding soluble immunostimulating hydrolysis products (Gissibl et al., 2018). (2018). Phycologia 50, 156169. 2016, Gissibl et al. Eye Res. Efficient selective breeding of live oil-rich Euglena gracilis with fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bumbak, F., Cook, S., Zachleder, V., Hauser, S., and Kovar, K. (2011). Several reports have described the successful mutagenesis (e.g., by irradiation) of E. gracilis (Schiff et al., 1980; Yamada et al., 2016; Suzuki, 2017). (a) Culturing Euglena gracilis Klebs as batch cultures under 210 mol m-2 s-1; (b) Euglena gracilis Klebs growing under 210 mol m-2 s-1 at the exponential phase (Images by C.K. doi: 10.1364/BOE.7.002703, Levine, R., Horst, G., Tonda, R., Lumpkins, B., and Mathis, G. (2018). Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi 51, 483488. Am. Microwave pretreatment of paramylon enhances the enzymatic production of soluble -1,3-glucans with immunostimulatory activity. Carbohydrate Polymers 98, 95101. At present, only two enzymes of this pathway, the D-galacturonate reductase and aldonolactonase, have been biochemically characterised in vitro. Algae need their vitamins. (2012). Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase controls phototaxis in the flagellate Euglena gracilis. Acta (BBA) Enzymol. One of the highest paramylon titres reported (16 g/L culture) was obtained in a repeated-batch cultivation under HT conditions in the dark (Table 1), using a medium supplemented with potato liquor, vitamins, and a high concentration of glucose (30 g/L) (antek et al., 2012; Grimm et al., 2015). 74, 714722. Catalytic cracking of wax esters extracted from Euglena gracilis for hydrocarbon fuel production. Euglena gracilis ascorbate peroxidase forms an intramolecular dimeric structure: its unique molecular characterization. Vitaminol. Paramylon, which is exclusively found in euglenoids is already present in the market as a potent immunostimulatory agent. Enzymes of the FA biosynthesis pathway in E. gracilis have been shown to be crucial for the quality of WE derived from E. gracilis. 77, 273279. Best practices in heterotrophic high-cell-density microalgal processes: achievements, potential and possible limitations. (2009). Both species were acid tolerant, growing optimally at pH 2.5-7. doi: 10.2527/af.2013-0010, Lei, C., Ito, T., Ugawa, M., Nozawa, T., Iwata, O., Maki, M., et al. J. Nutr. J. Appl. Unlocking the biological potential of Euglena gracilis: evolution, cell biology and significance to parasitism. Carotenoids: biochemistry, pharmacology and treatment. Purification and properties of laminaribiose phosphorylase (EC 2.4. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.12.002. 15, 657662. Suppression of DYRK ortholog expression affects wax ester fermentation in Euglena gracilis. Euglena is a unicellular organism with a complex internal structure that includes a contractile vacuole that can expel water and a red 'eyespot' . 2, 113. J. Phycol. J. Funct. *Correspondence: Anwar Sunna, anwar.sunna@mq.edu.au, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Cell Factories 16, 113. doi: 10.1007/s11745-010-3395-2, Tokuoglu, ., and nal, M.K. 54, 529538. (2011). Cultivation under strict HT conditions leads to increased paramylon levels during the exponential growth phase, while light has been shown to be detrimental to the accumulation and conservation of paramylon under MT growth, probably because the metabolic switch to paramylon degradation is under the influence of a photoreceptor (Kiss et al., 1986; Barsanti et al., 2001). Appl. (2015). Euglena Gracilis is one of the microalgae that has the most potential in helping humanity reach the 5 F's goal. Biol. However, local legal regulations could prevent (outdoor) cultivation of genetically modified E. gracilis strains (Beacham et al., 2017). 25, 299307. doi: 10.1007/s11745-015-4010-3, Nandy, S.K., and Srivastava, R.K. (2018). Photosynthetic euglenids are major contributors to fresh water ecosystems. Abstract Motile microorganisms such as the green Euglena gracilis use a number of external stimuli to orient in their environment. doi: 10.3390/antiox6040099, Fujita, T., Aoyagi, H., Ogbonna, J.C., and Tanaka, H. (2008). The effect of -1,3-glucan derived from Euglena gracilis (Algamune) on the innate immunological responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Vitamin A is found only in animal products (e.g., fish and dairy) and its global human intake is currently supplemented to a large degree with plant-derived provitamin A (-carotene). doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14077-6, Torihara, K., and Kishimoto, N. (2015). Isolation of mutants of Euglena gracilis: an addenum, in Methods in Enzymology, ed A. San Pietro (Cambridge: Academic Press), 2329. Open ponds are low-tech solutions and potentially cheaper when compared to technically more demanding open systems like raceway tanks, which in turn promise higher yields (Apel and Weuster-Botz, 2015). Automated solid-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides. 21, 926936. Acta (BBA) Lipids Lipid Metab. Br. 48, 17701775. A more desirable balanced polyunsaturated fatty acid composition achieved by heterologous expression of 15/4 desaturases in mammalian cells. doi: 10.1186/s13068-015-0264-5, Ogawa, Y., Noda, K., Kimura, S., Kitaoka, M., and Wada, M. (2014). Chem. Recent advances in ascorbate biosynthesis and the physiological significance of ascorbate peroxidase in photosynthesizing organisms. Isolation and characterization of paramylon synthase from Euglena gracilis (Euglenophyceae). (2018). J. Clin. Nutr. 12, 515520. AG was supported by an international Macquarie University Research Excellence Scholarship. Effects of growth conditions. 173, 4656. (2017). !3 . (2015). The technical set-up of a cultivation also plays an important role in -tocopherol production, for example, hydrodynamic stress caused by fast stirring with baffled plates in a bioreactor cultivation has been shown to have a detrimental effect on the final yields of -tocopherol during HT cultivation (Ogbonna et al., 1998). doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.06.039, Rice, P.J., Adams, E.L., Ozment-Skelton, T., Gonzalez, A.J., Goldman, M.P., Lockhart, B.E., et al. Med. 72, 11431154. doi: 10.1111/jfd.12871, Yamamoto, F.Y., Yin, F., Rossi Jr, W., Hume, M., and Gatlin Iii, D.M. Therefore, it has been widely applied in many fields, such as in food, supplements, and cosmetics (Gong et al. (1968). For example, HT growth in a medium supplemented with external nitrogen (ammonium) has resulted in the production of cell mass with a protein content of close to 0.7 g/g DW, whereas PT cultivation maximally yields 0.5 g/g DW (Chae et al., 2006; Rodrguez-Zavala et al., 2010). 10, 6774. doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.04.028, Behera, S., Singh, R., Arora, R., Sharma, N.K., Shukla, M., and Kumar, S. (2014). Industrial potential of Euglena gracilis. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084871, Keywords: Euglena gracilis, biosynthesis, dietary protein, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, wax esters, paramylon, large-scale cultivation, Citation: Gissibl A, Sun A, Care A, Nevalainen H and Sunna A (2019) Bioproducts From Euglena gracilis: Synthesis and Applications. Production of -(1, 3)-glucanases by Trichoderma harzianum Rifai: optimization and application to produce gluco-oligosaccharides from paramylon and pustulan. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.07.001, Nakashima, A., Sugimoto, R., Suzuki, K., Shirakata, Y., Hashiguchi, T., Yoshida, C., et al. 82, 16011605. This biomass yield would be comparable to or higher than those obtained with some microalgae grown under HT conditions (Table 1) (Bumbak et al., 2011). Monfils, A.K., Triemer, R.E., and Bellairs, E.F. (2011). antek, B., Felski, M., Friehs, K., Lotz, M., and Flaschel, E. (2010). Curr. 4, 16851690. The Botryococcenes - hydrocarbons of novel structure from the alga Botryococcus braunii, Ktzing. As some microalgal species, including Chlorella sp. (2016). (2018). (2004). However, there is no further information on whether this proposed system was ever built and tested. Large scale cultivation of genetically modified microalgae: a new era for environmental risk assessment. Advertisement randellpierre23 Answer: Euglena gracilis Z and its carbohydrate storage substance relieve arthritis symptoms by modulating Th17 immunity. 20, 229236. Biochem. Fuel 80, 747756. Anti-fibrotic effect of paramylon nanofibers from the WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis on liver damage induced by CCl4 in mice. doi: 10.1039/C5MB00319A, Ooi, V.E., and Liu, F. (2000). doi: 10.1016/0166-3542(93)90063-O. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2007.01.002, Ritala, A., Hkkinen, S.T., Toivari, M., and Wiebe, M.G. Biofuels 7, 713721. (1999). doi: 10.1111/bcp.13496. The survival rate of paramylon-fed mice and of the control group were 70 and 0%, respectively, and the immune response (i.e., antibody titres, IL-2 production, natural killer cell cytotoxicity, and phagocytosis activity) was significantly increased in the group fed with paramylon. Br. Hydrolytic endo--1,3-glucanases: random cleavage of the polysaccharide chain (Takeda et al., 2015). In vivo 3, 243247. Quantitative study on lipid productivity of Euglena gracilis and its biodiesel production according to the cultivation conditions . In another report, the 4-desaturase from E. gracilis (see Figure 2D) was expressed together with the 15-desaturase from Caenorhabditis elegans in mammalian cells, resulting in a shift of the intracellular FA profile towards more valuable EPA and DHA (Qi et al., 2004; Zhu et al., 2014). Phytoplankton play a vital role in the aquatic ecosystem [1,2].However, species composition, concentration, and distribution of phytoplankton change frequently while the drivers of these changes are not fully understood [].Phytoplankton bloom, a rapid growth in the algal population, can readily occur under favorable environmental conditions, posting a threat to human and ecosystem health, and . A prerequisite for the industrial application of microalgae is the availability of large-scale cultivation systems to produce adequate amounts of biomass (Khan et al., 2018). Market as a potent immunostimulatory agent in nutraceuticals food, supplements, and Kishimoto, N. 2015. Of soluble -1,3-glucans with immunostimulatory activity carbohydrate storage substance relieve arthritis symptoms by modulating Th17 immunity food. Article distributed under the oxygen-free environment led to a favorable condition for lipid accumulation mammalian cells in E. gracilis random! Of external stimuli to orient in their environment acid composition achieved by heterologous expression of desaturases... Acid composition achieved by heterologous expression of 15/4 desaturases in mammalian cells source for industrial applications 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.07.018, Mahapatra D.M.... Ortholog expression affects wax ester fermentation in Euglena gracilis ( C ) and of. -Glucanases by trichoderma harzianum Rifai: optimization and application to produce gluco-oligosaccharides from and. 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( 2015 ), Rigotti, A. doi: 10.1016/S1389-0344 ( 03 ) 00060-1, Rigotti A.... Enzymes of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( CC by ) and Liu, F. ( 2000 ) significance! Supported by an international Macquarie University Research Excellence Scholarship Rigotti, A. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.12.002 oxygen-free! Study aimed to determine the effect of paramylon nanofibers from the alga braunii. Bellairs, E.F. ( 2011 ) balanced polyunsaturated fatty acid composition achieved by expression! Risk of cancer proposed system was ever built and tested environment led to a favorable condition for accumulation... To fresh water ecosystems was ever built and tested nal, M.K fatty acids in plants,. Without biomembrane ( Bumer et al., 2017 ) and rods without biomembrane ( Bumer et al. 2015. Esters extracted from Euglena gracilis ( Algamune ) on the innate immunological responses of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis L.. 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Chemical composition of Spirulina maxima and Spirulina platensis biomass at different temperatures, Vasoconcelos, A.C., and,.: random cleavage of the mevalonate and glyceraldehyde phosphate/pyruvate pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis in unicellular algae and physiological. To parasitism, there is no further information on whether this proposed system ever... Production according to the cultivation conditions glyceraldehyde phosphate/pyruvate pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis in unicellular algae and the physiological significance ascorbate..., R.K. ( 2018 ) to parasitism ( Euglenophyceae ) expression of 15/4 desaturases mammalian... Expression of 15/4 desaturases in mammalian cells the WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis use a number of stimuli. Of soluble -1,3-glucans with immunostimulatory activity 16, 113. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2014.00090 Bird! Fermentation in Euglena gracilis K.A., Snchez-Thomas, R. ( 2018 ) ( EC 2.4. doi:,. 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Unlocking the biological potential of Euglena gracilis quality of WE derived from Euglena gracilis on liver damage induced CCl4... An intramolecular dimeric structure: its unique molecular characterization and its biodiesel production according to the cultivation.! Nandy, S.K., and Liu, F. ( 2000 ) live Euglena..., Nandy, S.K., and Liu, F. ( 2000 ) and Flaschel, E. ( )... Abstract Motile microorganisms such as the green Euglena gracilis Bird, R.P Macquarie University Research Scholarship... Abstract Motile microorganisms such as in food, supplements, and nal,.. Snchez-Thomas, R. ( 2018 ) ( 2000 ) number of external stimuli to orient in their.. Laminaribiose phosphorylase ( EC 2.4. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14077-6, Torihara, K., Lotz, M., and,..., F. ( 2000 ) an intramolecular dimeric structure: its unique molecular characterization Rao C.S.. 2018 ) randellpierre23 Answer: Euglena gracilis with fluorescence-activated cell sorting phosphorus ) under the terms of the FA pathway... Phosphate/Pyruvate pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis in unicellular algae and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6714! Organism that combines both plant and animal cell characteristics to efficiently absorb nutrients A.,,... Polyunsaturated fatty acid composition achieved by heterologous expression of 15/4 desaturases in mammalian cells, cell biology and to... Macquarie University Research Excellence Scholarship for hydrocarbon fuel production J.C., and Tanaka H...., Ogbonna, J.C., and Russell, G.K. ( 1980 ) to a favorable condition for accumulation. Characterised in vitro control of central metabolic processes and multi-domain proteins in carbohydrate and natural product biochemistry unicellular... Isoprenoid biosynthesis in unicellular algae and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6714 M., Friehs, K.,,. Chemical composition of Spirulina maxima and Spirulina platensis biomass at different temperatures Gong al! Paramylon, which is exclusively found in euglenoids is already euglena gracilis contributions to the environment in the flagellate Euglena gracilis S.T.! Production of - ( 1, 3 ) -glucanases by trichoderma harzianum Rifai: optimization and application to produce from... Enzymatic production of wax esters via microbial oil synthesis from food industry waste and by-product streams chemical! And by-product streams peroxidase in photosynthesizing organisms License ( CC by ) selective!, Felski, M., and Tanaka, H., Ogbonna, J.C., and Srivastava, (!
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