describe the policies of akbardescribe the policies of akbar

The library: an illustrated history. [171] Even as he was in the Punjab, 200 miles away from the Ganges, the water was sealed in large jars and transported to him. [52] Like in Malwa, however, Akbar entered into a dispute with his vassals over the conquest of Gondwana. [207], His next marriage took place in 1564 to the daughter of Miran Mubarak Shah, the ruler of Khandesh. [170] He renounced beef and forbade the sale of all meats on certain days. [26] Akbar's marriage with Ruqaiya was solemnized near Jalandhar, Punjab, when both of them were 14 years old. In many cases the chieftains joined hands with Afghan and Mughal rebels. Religious policy: He abolished the pilgrim tax and jiziya; In 1575, he ordered for the construction of Ibadat Khana (House of [72] The Mughals also moved to conquer Sindh in the lower Indus valley. Akbars alliance with the Rajputs began as a political coalition but later, it developed into an instrument of closer relations between Hindus and Muslims which Other sources indicate Akbar simply lost interest in the city[90] or realised it was not militarily defensible. The cost of her largest ship named 'Rahimi', built on the orders of Akbar, is estimated to be around 300,000 pounds (Rs 3 crores approximately[when?]). After Bairam Khan died in 1561, Akbar married her in the same year. Upon hearing the news of his brother's death, Humayun was overwhelmed with grief. Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of culture. [47] Despite initial success, the campaign proved a disaster from Akbar's point of view. Defeated in battles at Chausa and Kannauj in 1539 to 1541 by the forces of Sher Shah Suri, Mughal emperor Humayun fled westward to Sindh. [45] In the next six months, the Mughals won another major battle against Sikander Shah Suri, who fled east to Bengal. As a result, the modern-day Pakistani and Afghan parts of Baluchistan, including the Makran coast, became a part of the Mughal Empire. [61] Gujarat, with its coastal regions, possessed areas of rich agricultural production in its central plain, an impressive output of textiles and other industrial goods, and the busiest seaports of India. [47] Baz Bahadur temporarily regained control of Malwa until, in the next year, Akbar sent another Mughal army to invade and annex the kingdom. [126] The pilgrims overstayed their welcome and strained the limited resources of these cities. [191], His fourth wife and one of his three chief consorts was his cousin, Salima Sultan Begum,[190] the daughter of Nur-ud-din Muhammad Mirza and his wife Gulrukh Begum also known as Gulrang, the daughter of Emperor Babur. [31][32] He was proclaimed Shahanshah (Persian for "King of Kings"). [168] In his days of tolerance he was so well liked by Hindus that there are numerous references to him, and his eulogies are sung in songs and religious hymns as well. [61], The fall of Chittorgarh was followed up by a Mughal attack on the Ranthambore Fort in 1568. Then he and Bairam Khan returned to Punjab to deal with Sikandar Shah, who had become active again. He tried to harmonize relations. Raja Bharmal had conveyed to Akbar that he was being harassed by his brother-in-law Sharif-ud-din Mirza (the Mughal hakim of Mewat). Akbar's letter of invitation in John Correia-Afonso, Learn how and when to remove this template message, National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film, "Remembering Akbar the Great: Facts about the most liberal Mughal emperor", "The Woman Whose Downfall Nearly Killed Akbar", "The Nobility under Akbar and the Development of His Religious Policy, 1560-80", "Akbar (1556-1605) and India unification under the mughals", "Economic and Social Developments under the Mughals", "Profile: Tansen the mesmerizing maestro", "XIX. [175], The Indian Supreme Court has cited examples of co-existence of Jain and Mughal architecture, calling Akbar "the architect of modern India" and that "he had great respect" for Jainism. He firmly entrenched the authority of the Mughal Empire in India and beyond, after it had been threatened by the Afghans during his father's reign,[235] establishing its military and diplomatic superiority. [56], Akbar had the surviving defenders and 30,000 non-combatants massacred and their heads displayed upon towers erected throughout the region, in order to demonstrate his authority. In 1558, Akbar took possession of Ajmer, the aperture to Rajputana, after the defeat and flight of its Muslim ruler. "[171], Akbar regularly held discussions with Jain scholars and was also greatly impacted by their teachings. Akbar first moved against Gujarat, which lay in the crook of the Mughal provinces of Rajputana and Malwa. [52] The Mughals had already established domination over parts of northern Rajputana in Mewat, Ajmer, and Nagor. The reason may have been that the water supply in Fatehpur Sikri was insufficient or of poor quality. WebThe Rajput policy of Akbar was a grand success. The diversity of these accounts is attributed to the fact that his reign resulted in the formation of a flexible centralised state accompanied by personal authority and cultural heterogeneity. [119][120], In 1576, Akbar sent a contingent of pilgrims on Hajj, led by Khwaja Sultan Naqshbandi, with 600,000 rupees and 12,000 khalats (honorific robes) for the needy of Mecca and Medina. [87] Persons were normally appointed to a low mansab and then promoted, based on their merit as well as the favour of the emperor. Akbar's response demonstrated his ability to clamp firm military control over the Afghan tribes. [99], The political effect of these alliances was significant. Upset by this, Akbar opened the Ibadat Khana to people of all religions as well as atheists, resulting in the scope of the discussions broadening and extending even into areas such as the validity of the Quran and the nature of God. here is your answer. Perhaps, the most abhorred was the Akbars promulgation in 1582 of the Din-i Ilahi (The Divine Faith). He is believed to have died on 26 October 1605. [155][156], Some modern scholars claim that Akbar did not initiate a new religion but instead introduced what Oscar R. Gmez calls the transtheistic outlook from tantric Tibetan Buddhism,[157] and that he did not use the word Din-i-Ilahi. Surjan accepted an alliance on the condition that Akbar did not marry any of his daughters. [citation needed] Unless Udai Singh was reduced to submission, the imperial authority of the Mughals would be lessened in Rajput eyes. Akbar's reign significantly influenced the course of Indian history. This event was followed by a rebellion of Muslim clerics in 1581 led by Mullah Muhammad Yazdi and Muiz-ul-Mulk, the chief Qadi of Bengal; the rebels wanted to overthrow Akbar and insert his brother Mirza Muhammad Hakim, ruler of Kabul, on the Mughal throne. [102], Another legend is that Akbar's daughter Meherunnissa was enamored by Tansen and had a role in his coming to Akbar's court. He quotes historian Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, who said that, due to his religious tolerance, "Akbar had so weakened Islam through his policies that it could not be restored to its dominant position in the affairs." 2009. [127], According to some accounts Akbar expressed a desire to form an alliance with the Portuguese against the Ottomans, but nothing came of the idea. Moreover, Akbar had received invitations from cliques in Gujarat to oust the reigning king, which served as justification for his military expedition. [173] Akbar also issued many imperial orders that were favourable for Jain interests, such as banning animal slaughter. [190] The marriage took place in 1557 during the siege of Mankot. He spent his youth learning to hunt, run, and fight, making him a daring, powerful, and brave warrior, but he never learned to read or write. [109] At the initial meeting of the Mughals and the Portuguese during the Siege of Surat in 1572, the Portuguese, recognizing the superior strength of the Mughal army, chose to adopt diplomacy instead of war. In this text it is stated that Akbar "was a miraculous child" and that he would not follow the previous "violent ways" of the Mughals. [61] Furthermore, Gujarat had been a haven for rebellious Mughal nobles, while in Bengal, the Afghans still held considerable influence under their ruler, Sulaiman Khan Karrani. She held a great influence on Akbar. Akbar forgave him, however, and gave him the option of either continuing in his court or resuming his pilgrimage; Bairam chose the latter. A year later, however, Daud Khan rebelled and attempted to regain Bengal. [161] However, a leading noble of Akbar's court, Aziz Koka, wrote a letter to him from Mecca in 1594 arguing that the discipleship promoted by Akbar amounted to nothing more than a desire on Akbar's part to portray his superiority regarding religious matters. Bairam Khan was ultimately able to prevail over the nobles, however, and it was decided that the Mughals would march against the strongest of the Sur rulers, Sikandar Shah Suri, in the Punjab. Akbar was not tall but powerfully built and very agile. Akbar adopted a special policy to handle the Rajputs. [211] He also married Bhanmati, daughter of Bhim Raj, another brother of Rai Kalyan Mal. [179], Akbar was said to have been a wise emperor and a sound judge of character. [50] Akbar did not personally lead the campaign because he was preoccupied with the Uzbek rebellion, leaving the expedition in the hands of Asaf Khan, the Mughal governor of Kara. Surat, the commercial capital of the region, and other coastal cities soon capitulated to the Mughals. Akbar Rakht Se Takht Ka Safar is a 2017 Indian drama television series tracing Akbar's journey to the Mughal throne. His policy brought the Rajput chiefs into the imperial fold and gave their blood in building Mughal Empire in India. [72] The conquests of Sindh, Kashmir, and parts of Baluchistan, and the ongoing consolidation of Mughal power over today's Afghanistan had added to Akbar's confidence. [123], During this period Akbar financed the pilgrimages of many poor Muslims from the Mughal Empire and also funded the foundations of the Qadiriyya Sufi Order's dervish lodge in the Hijaz. He often plunged on his horse into the flooded river during the rainy seasons and safely crossed it. He was the third emperor of [72] Furthermore, Kandahar was at this time under threat from the Uzbeks, but the Emperor of Persia, himself beleaguered by the Ottoman Turks, was unable to send any reinforcements. In the Motu Patlu episode "Motu Akbar The Great" John fools Motu into believing he's playing as Akbar in a Hit Film. He also introduced several far-sighted social reforms, including prohibiting sati, legalizing widow remarriage, and raising the age of marriage. [88] Each mansabdar was required to maintain a certain number of cavalrymen and twice that number of horses. To minimize such incidents, bands of highway police called rahdars were enlisted to patrol roads and ensure the safety of traders. Most controversial policies of Akbar include abolition of jizya, immunity given to Hindu pandits and European Jesuits at the Ibadat Khana, prohibition of cow-slaughter, marriage reforms, discipleship, etc. Later the lowest age for marriage was raised to 16 for the boys and 14 for the girls. This was a far cry from the political settlements of his grandfather, Babur, and father, Humayun, both of whom had done little to indicate that they were anything but transient rulers. Akbars initial contacts with the chieftains were through skirmishes and wars. WebSome of the reforms of Akbar were as under; (1) He abolished the Pilgrim Tax in 1563 with a view to winning over the good-will of the Hindus. [80] Akbar changed to a decentralised system of annual assessment, but this resulted in corruption among local officials and was abandoned in 1580, to be replaced by a system called the dahsala. He did not leave Fatehpur Sikri on a military campaign until 1581, when Punjab was again invaded by his brother, Mirza Muhammad Hakim. [192], Akbar's favourite wife[6][193][194][195][196] was the Mariam-uz-Zamani, commonly known by the misnomer Jodha Bai, whom he married in the year 1562. In preparations to take Kandahar from the Safavids, Akbar ordered the Mughal forces to conquer the rest of the Afghan held parts of Baluchistan in 1595. His nostrils are widely open as though in derision. [212][213][214] Rawal had sent a request that his daughter be married to Akbar. [94] Indeed, Akbar would make concerted efforts to improve roads to facilitate the use of wheeled vehicles through the Khyber Pass, the most popular route frequented by traders and travelers journeying from Kabul into Mughal India. [47] The young emperor, at the age of eighteen, wanted to take a more active part in managing affairs. In order to preserve the unity of his empire, Akbar adopted programs that won the loyalty of the non-Muslim populations of his realm. He reformed and strengthened his central administration and also centralized his financial system and reorganized tax-collection processes. [99] The interaction between Hindu and Muslim nobles in the imperial court resulted in an exchange of thoughts and blending of the two cultures. 2nd Battle of Panipot. Those very Rajputs who were fighting against the Muslim rulers for the last three hundred fifty years submitted to Akbar and participated in the expansion of the Mughul empire. [61] Akbar would celebrate his conquest of Rajputana by laying the foundation of a new capital, 23 miles (37km) W.S.W of Agra in 1569. The arguments of Jains against eating meat persuaded him to become a vegetarian. The outnumbered Mughal army then won a decisive victory on September 2, 1573. Webground for him to find fault with Akbar from a doctrinal angle. [230], At some point, Akbar took into his harem Rukmavati, a daughter of Rao Maldev of Marwar by his mistress, Tipu Gudi. A great feast was given, and the high officers and other pillars of the state were present. [25] Humayun conferred on the imperial couple, all the wealth, army, and adherents of Hindal and Ghazni which one of Hindal's jagir was given to his nephew, Akbar, who was appointed as its viceroy and was also given the command of his uncle's army. Akbar's guardian, Bairam Khan concealed the death in order to prepare for Akbar's succession. [49] Bairam Khan was later assassinated on his way to Mecca, allegedly by an Afghan with a personal vendetta. [51] The territory was ruled over by Raja Vir Narayan, a minor, and his mother, Durgavati, a Rajput warrior queen of the Gonds. Finally, he submitted and Akbar restored him to his previous position. [60] Udai Singh's power and influence was broken. However, the Safavids differed from the Sunni Mughals and Ottomans in following the Shiite sect of Islam. The marriage ceremony took place after Akbar's return from Nagor. [40] Akbar had firmly declared his intentions that the Mughals were in India to stay. WebAkbar was against child marriage which was prevalent both among the Hindus and the Muslims. Thus, Akbars religious freedom policy, that he introduced in order to create a powerful empire, was a huge achievement, establishing him as one of the most influential rulers of the Mughal rule in India in history. The support of the largest Hindus assisted Akbar in expanding his kingdom. [45] The Mughals had also besieged and defeated the Sur forces in control of Gwalior Fort, the greatest stronghold north of the Narmada river. Akbar's courts at Delhi, Agra, and Fatehpur Sikri became centres of the arts, letters, and learning. [205] Another of his wives was Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum, the daughter of Shaikh Muhammad Bakhtiyar and the sister of Shaikh Jamal Bakhtiyar. Their comments enraged the Imams and Ulama, who objected to the remarks, but Akbar ordered their comments to be recorded and observed the Jesuits and their behaviour. [47] However, Akbar's disputes with his regent, Bairam Khan, temporarily put an end to the expansion. [170], Even his son Jahangir and grandson Shahjahan maintained many of Akbar's concessions, such as the ban on cow slaughter, having only vegetarian dishes on certain days of the week, and drinking only Ganges water. [131] The Hindukush region was militarily very significant owing to its geography, and this was well-recognised by strategists of the times. His eyebrows are not strongly marked. While Sulaiman Khan scrupulously avoided giving offence to Akbar, his son, Daud Khan, who had succeeded him in 1572, decided otherwise. [144] Further, his childhood tutors, who included two Irani Shias, were largely above sectarian prejudices, and made a significant contribution to Akbar's later inclination towards religious tolerance. The Ottoman authorities forced them to return to India in 1582. It includes vivid and detailed descriptions of his life and times. By 1573, he had driven out the Mirzas who, after offering token resistance, fled for refuge in the Deccan. It was Shams belonged to the great men of the country and had long cherished this wish. He pardoned his brother, who took up de facto charge of the Mughal administration in Kabul; Bakht-un-Nissa continued to be the official governor. A cultivated area where crops grew well was measured and taxed through fixed rates based on the area's crop and productivity. [131] Shortly afterwards, Akbar's army completed its annexation of Kabul, and in order to further secure the north-western boundaries of his empire, it proceeded to Qandahar. [45][50] Akbar was then determined to drive into the heartlands of the Rajput kings that had rarely previously submitted to the Muslim rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. WebAkbar's Policies . [72] The recovery of Kandahar had not been a priority for Akbar, but after his prolonged military activity in the northern frontiers, a move to restore Mughal rule over the region became desirable. [40] Sikandar Shah Suri, however, presented no major concern for Akbar,[41] and avoided giving battle as the Mughal army approached. Rajput as seen had rendered valuable service even at the cost of their lives for the expansion and consolidation of the Mughal empire. He also got the support of the Rajputs against any nefarious designs of some Afghan rulers and leaders. Akbars Rajput policy in fact was proof of his great statesmanship. [68] For thirteen years, beginning in 1585, Akbar remained in the north, shifting his capital to Lahore in the Punjab while dealing with challenges from beyond the Khyber Pass. [216] In 1570, Narhardas, a grandson of Rao Viramde of Merta, married his sister, Puram Bai, to Akbar in return for Akbar's support of Keshodas's claims on Merta. Bharmal was made a noble of high rank in the imperial court, and subsequently, his son Bhagwant Das and grandson Man Singh also rose to high ranks in the nobility. In the process [72], As early as 1586, about half a dozen Baluchi chiefs, under nominal Pani Afghan rule, had been persuaded to subordinate themselves to Akbar. She was bestowed with the name 'Wali Nimat Begum' (Blessings/Gift of God) by Akbar shortly after her marriage. [73] They were made to acknowledge Mughal supremacy and attend Akbar's court. Kamala Devi, a younger sister of Durgavati, was sent to the Mughal harem. The soldiers were provided with pay eight months in advance. Antoni de Montserrat, the Catalan Jesuit who visited his court described him as follows:[181]. She was at first betrothed to Bairam Khan by Humayun. He was also noted for various acts of courage. (1) The First Phase (1556-73): Although Akbar was under the influence of the orthodox ulama at the time. Abhishek Nigam portrayed Akbar in BIG MAGIC's historical drama. [61] In 1572, he moved to occupy Ahmedabad, the capital, and other northern cities, and was proclaimed the lawful sovereign of Gujarat. [206] He married the daughter of Jagmal Rathore, son of Rao Viramde of Merta in 1562. He pardoned his brother Hakim, who was a repented rebel. Religious Policy of Akbar: Akbar is known for his liberal ideas and liberal religious policy. [158] According to the contemporary events in the Mughal court Akbar was indeed angered by the acts of embezzlement of wealth by many high level Muslim clerics. [33], Akbar had a record of unbeaten military campaigns that consolidated Mughal rule in the Indian subcontinent. His approaching attendants found the emperor standing quietly by the side of the dead animal. "By the time of his death in 1605, Akbar controlled a broad sweep of territory from the Bay of Bengal to Qandahar and Badakshan. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration throughout his empire and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. It consisted of three volumes which give detail information about Akbars ancestors, the [141] These discussions, initially restricted to Muslims, were acrimonious and resulted in the participants shouting at and abusing each other. [145], During the early part of his reign, Akbar adopted an attitude of suppression towards Muslim sects that were condemned by the orthodoxy as heretical. Mahmud offered 30,000 rupees in cash and kind to Itimad Khan and farewelled his daughter with a grand dowry and an impressive entourage. [89] The mansabdars were remunerated well for their services and constituted the highest paid military service in the world at the time. [224] Rai Loukaran and Rajah Birbar, servants of the Rajah were sent from Dihalpur to do the honour of conveying his daughter. [70] Akbar responded by sending a Mughal army to besiege Sehwan, the river capital of the region. [83], Other local methods of assessment continued in some areas. Plunged on his horse into the flooded river during the rainy seasons and safely crossed it developed... Was militarily very significant owing to its geography, and describe the policies of akbar high officers and other coastal cities soon to! 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