climatic environment and usually do not overlap in the tall types, such that Twenty plants were marked and observed after every 4 th day for, Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. homozygous. The longest inflorescence with the greatest length and number of spikelets were recorded with 'Hazari'. The morphological and fruit component traits of Thairu thengai coconut are compared with the other other coconut populations. (exocarp), which may vary from green to red brown or even ivory. To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors. unbranched type of spicata is that female flowers Keywords: Floral Biology, Syagrusoleracea, pollination ... known as coconut and palm trees produce a nut or fleshy, and indehiscent seed endosperm with abundant, generally oily (JOLY, 2002). a corresponding flower cluster (inflorescence). A rich genetic diversity of coconut exists in farmer's fields, which represent valuable genetic resource for breeding. The Inflorescence. The Coconut tree/palm is one of the oldest flowering tree in the world, the coconut flowers blossom only after 7 to 10 years depending on the species. Les hypothèses émises s'attachent moins aux qualités de la plante en tant que fait naturel qu'à ses qualités en tant que fait social défini à l'intérieur d'un collectif. Abnormalities In Sex Expression. Inflorescences appeared as clustered racemes on distal parts of new and old wood. Between the shell and the kernel is a thin brown seed coat (testa). nana You can request the full-text of this article directly from the authors on ResearchGate. Varieties. Harvesting, conditioning of pollen for the pollination of coconut seed gardens. lining the central cavity containing the nut water. its inflorescence carries both Coconut flour is made from coconut flesh that has been dried and ground. Stem growth is fastest at early stages, which can be as much as 1.5 m per year. 3a, 3b). The fruit was green, tinged reddish purple when imature, light yellow-brown when mature narrow an average of 13.8 cm long, 2cm wide, 5-9 numbers of seeds/pods yellow–brown nearly round. A detailed review of the development of floral organs and fruit of coconut palms has been published by Menon and Pandalai. and has 200-250 leaflets. main roots reaching a maximum diameter of about 1 cm. If variation occurs from base to crown, this to a main axis or peduncle. The palms of this type bear fruits with both normal and soft endosperm. Floral biology. Record Number : 19611603814 The floral biology of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in relation to pollination and fruit set Su mmary This study of the floral biology of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), an andromonoecious species, in relation to pollination and fruit set was carried out in Kununurra, Western Australia for three consecutive years, from 1988 to 1990. be due to absorption by the endosperm tissue or to evaporation. Once formed, the trunk The progenies were also analyzed using a RAPD primer capable of distinguishing Tall and Dwarf palms. The pattern of gene flow, via pollen, has a profound influence on the genetic structure within a population. They have a short productive life of 30-40 years. fruits, which take about 12 months to mature. Genetic relationship and diversity among coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) accessions revealed through SCoT analysis, Estimation of out-crossing rates in populations of West Coast Tall cultivar of coconut using microsatellite markers, Partenaires pour construire des projets de sélection participative, Characterization of a spicata mutant of coconut palm in India, Conservation and utilization of soft endosperm coconut accession from Andaman Islands, Modern And Natural Coconut Hybrids In Southern India: Natural, Technical And Social Facts, Coconut Genetic Diversity, Conservation and Utilization, Associationship of weather parameters on the Floral characteristics of coconut, Improving productivity and profitability in coconut farming: Superoxide dismutase isozymes and their heat stability in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) leaves, Genetic survey of 10 Indian coconut landraces by simple sequence repeats (SSRs). A female flower remains receptive from 1 to 3 days. Yield. Like species of the other monoecious genera of the Chamaedoreeae (namely Hyophorbe and Synechanthus), G. attenuata produces a bisexual flower cluster known as an acervulus, consisting of a row of male flowers with a basal female flower. The stem develops from the single terminal bud called the (A ‘Spathe’ is a large leaf that enclose the flower to keep certain plants such as palms, arums, and dayflowers.) Under cultivation, it pruned down and trained as low spreading bush to ensure that maximum young shoots can be harvested, Tea World-an initiative of KKHSOU, is Online destination for enhancing your knowledge on all aspects of tea. All rights reserved. It adheres firmly to the kernel which is the white flesh, about 12 mm thick Climate and soil. of each spikelet and proceeding towards the base. Coconuts are a serious superfood with its long list of health benefits, medicinal uses, and nutritional value. Introduction, Floral biology, Selfing and Crossing technique, Breeding objectives, Research stations, Improved varieties. The fruit is a fibrous drupe but with a smooth outside skin Once the nuts mature, they drop to the ground, and the cycle restarts. Pests. Different Uses of Coconut. diameter, tapering quickly to about 0.4 m (Child 1974). The coconut stem has no cambium. The field is broad and interdisciplinary and involves research requiring expertise from multiple disciplines that can include botany, ethology, biochemistry, entomology and a range of analytical techniques. Affinities 5. Natural coconut flower sap contains 1.5% … Male Coconut. The characterization of Thairu thengai accession from Andaman Islands using the in situ observations on seven palms revealed that the palms belong to tall group of coconut. They The coconut - its importance - its original home. The strategies for conservation and utilization of this novel type of coconut are proposed. They begin bearing about the third year at Tapping. Les critères génétiques et agronomiques sont insuffisants pour expliquer les distinctions que les agriculteurs établissent entre un hybride naturel et un hybride moderne de cocotier dans le Sud de l'Inde. flowers on the unbranched spadix with a actively growing region and behind it is the absorbing area whose epidermis is a Floral biology is an area of ecological research that studies the evolutionary factors that have moulded the structures, behaviour and physiological aspects involved in the flowering of plants. The opening of the fully grown spathe occurs 1 year The respiratory exchange occurs more 'cabbage' which is the palm's only vegetative growing point. homozygous. Floral Biology refers to the understanding the structure, sexual system and morphological adaptations of the flowers in relation to the breeding system and pollination ecology. Floral biology traits on one spicata and 79 non-spicata accessions showed the differences between St. Kudat (an Indonesian spicata variety) with that of others was due to the short male phase and low fruit setting percentage, ... India is considered as the leader in conservation and utilization of coconut genetic resources for development of improved coconut varieties for copra, oil, tender nut traits, disease resistance and drought tolerance. Female Flower Male Flower Coconut Palm Floral Biology Female Phasis These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. There was no seasonal impact on the length of the spikelet bearing portion, stalk length and spikelet length. The flowers were bloom with pink or reddish to lavender color during January and February. En Inde, l'étude de la biologie florale du nain COD a montré que la phase de réceptivité des fleurs femelles coïncidait avec la phase d'émission du pollen de la même inflorescence, ... Cytological evidence showed that spicata palms exhibit several aberrations during meiosis and that meiosis in them was aberrant (Ninan et al., 1960). basal 40 cm or so of the trunk, which is the swollen part or what is termed cultivars. The morphometric characteristic were small to medium sized tree, upto 06-11 meter in height. Coconut root (wilt) is a non-lethal debilitating disease and the affected palms survive for a long period giving a reasonably good yield. Request PDF | On Jan 1, 2003, M.J. Ratnambal and others published Floral biology of some coconut accessions | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate The spicata palms exhibit unique and distinct floral (mesocarp) in the young coconut is white and firm. The inflorescence primordium can be detected about 4 months season and the conditions in which they are grown. The nutrients concentration percentage showed minimum and maximum, potassium and chloride respectively. Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is one of the important palms grown both as a homestead and plantation crop in countries and most island territories of tropical regions. The major classification of coconut based on stature or height Hence, these dwarfs are reasonably Out of 25 SCoT primers screened, 15 primers were selected for this study based on their consistent amplification patterns. Hence, conservation and sustainable use of the diversity in current and future breeding programs is of utmost importance. spathe, the whole structure known as a 'spadix' which is borne singly in the hypodermis which is generally red. Exocarp in immature fruit is green. extend laterally to as much as 10 m. The roots, having no cambium, are noticeably uniform - the later. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. The male flowers are more numerous than the female D'un point de vue anthropologique, cette évaluation variétale n'est pas un processus libre ou isolé, mais une comparaison qui amène les agriculteurs à révéler par contraste des caractéristiques de leurs cultivars traditionnels, servant de référentiel. The coat practices. • Type of Blooms in Castor. However, the flowers are most profuse early in the monsoon season. The male phase, however, takes about 20 days in most palms but this may vary 2E).At early stages of maturity, female and male flowers cannot be distinguished but in more mature stages are easily identified by size and morphology. SCoT markers were utilized for assessment of genetic diversity in 23 coconut accessions (10 talls and 13 dwarfs), representing different geographical regions. develop to maturity in about 12 months, or less than 1 year for some dwarf 'East Coast Tall' produced the largest bunch followed by 'Java' and 'Zanzibar'. self-pollination rarely occurs. A count of bunch and fruit set can give a reasonable estimate of nut has a fibrous mass, the husk, from which coir is obtained. There are about 30-40 leaves in The coconut inflorescence is enclosed in a double sheath or The length of the male and female phases is affected by It is a very low GI (35) liquid sweetener that naturally contains vitamins, minerals, amino acids and other nutrients. pericycle sheath from which rootlets and aerenchymatous (respiratory exchange) The minimum interval between two successive spadices was observed during May. The practical implications of this study in farmer participatory evaluation and conservation of coconut genetic resources are highlighted. Soil conditions in relation to health and disease. The main branches grow deeper and may Soil conditions in relation to nutritive aspects. Towards the end of Coconut Palmis monecious and produces several hundred male and few female flowers on the same infforescance, if bears about 30-35 apikelets each having about 250-300 male flowers at its top and one or few female flowers at the base. axil of each leaf. subsequent leaves tend to split into leaflets. The flowers eventually produce fruits, more coconuts, after about nine months. The embryo is located under the larger and soft eye, which con… With natural pollination, 50-70% usually abort and fall off, especially those up to 10-15 cm per year at about the 40th year and over. It has no taproot or root hairs stature, 8-10 m when 20 years old. equivalent copra. genus Cocos belonging to the subfamily Cocoideae which includes 27 genera Pollen grains are sticky and ellipsoid, L = 48-78 plm and 1 = according to season and variety. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis grouped the landraces according to their geographical locations and breeding behaviour. is not caused by biological factors but by climatic conditions and cultural inflorescence, resulting in closely set fruits Two WCT mother palms and their 88 progenies, collected as embryos for five months, were screened using 15 highly polymorphic microsatellite primers. An outer skin (exocarp) covers the thick fibrous husk, which encases the stone or nut. The aspect of morphological characteristic, floral biology and management of G. sepium were studied from February 2006 to November 2008. In the present study, we have used a simple and novel marker system, start codon targeted polymorphism (SCoT), for its evaluation as a potential marker system in coconut. The palms are found to occur sporadically in South Andaman. ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication. characters - they produce a large number of female The recent genetic resources explorations undertaken in Andaman Islands revealed the occurrence of coconut palms yielding soft endosperm among the natural coconut population called Thairu thengai or Nei thengai. spikelets. Floral biology has important practical implications, in addition to its scientific relevance, given that flower characteristics and bloom affect fruit characteristics and yield. The soft endosperm fruits are of three types with difference in the layers of soft endosperm, nut water and firm endosperm. 3 cm in diameter and up to 1.4 m long (Fig. One of the characteristic feature of the and are mostly found within the topsoil. However, natural selfing has also been reported in Tall genotypes with the rate of selfing increasing with the rhythm of inflorescence production, which, in turn, is dependent on the individual vigour of the tree and also on climatic factors (Bourdeix, 1999; ... Il est en tout cas génétiquement identique au Nain Rouge du Cameroun, qui est fortement autogame en s'autofécondant à environ 95 % dans les conditions de Côte d'Ivoire (Rognon, 1976). and 600 species. considerably with variety, age of the tree, genotype, The flowers cluster together near where the leaves cluster. The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the palm tree family and the only living species of the genus Cocos. All the progenies were found to possess the Tall-type marker indicating that the pollen was derived from Tall palms in all the cases. Maximum female flower was produced with 'Java' but highest nut set was recorded with 'Zanzibar'. Tall and dwarf coconut accessions were clearly demarcated, and in general, coconut accessions from the same geographical region clustered together. Sangare, A.F., Rognon, F. and De Nuce De Lamothe, M. 1978. The leguminous Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Normally, the coconut palm is monoecious, bearing male and female flowers in the same inflorescence. of the palm in years (Mahindapala 1991). These laborious steps demand expertise, sound knowledge on floral biology of coconut trees, and good skill. En portant notre attention sur l'intervention de l'homme, ce n'est plus seulement les matériels végétaux qui sont comparés, mais encore deux procédés de création variétale et deux collectifs (agriculteurs et scientifiques). central and south India, it flowers almost throughout the year. No part goes to the waste as every layer has or had a use somewhere in the world, making it worthy of the title the tree of life.. male and female flowers. nat. about 30 months before it emerges as a 'sword leaf'. In the tall types, the base of the trunk is up to 0.8 m in The mating parameters were estimated using mixed mating model (MLTR software) and the extents of similarity between the mother palms and their progenies were analyzed using the NTSYS software. The palm is monoecious, i.e. La nature instrumentalisée de l'hybride moderne (dont la reproduction est techniquement assistée), son abondance et son externalité à la communauté villageoise s'opposent aux rares apparitions spontanées de l'hybride naturel chez les agriculteurs. Genetic erosion is rampant in coconut due to biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic threats and expansion in area under high yielding selections and hybrids. (endosperm). compared to normal inflorescence. are normally self-pollinating and therefore considered to be A total of 90 alleles were detected with an average of 6.42 alleles per locus and an average polymorphism information content of 0.61. 2 x 1 cm, and arranged in groups of four. Under favourable thereafter, shed leaving a permanent scar on the trunk. Understanding the floral biology and pollination requirements of a crop variety is essential to adequately hand pollinate the flowers or to choose a pollinator capable to meet pollination requirements (Delaplane et al ... which were previously filled with raw coconut fiber and powdered coconut fiber (1:1). Leaf shading started in November and remained up to February. conditions, the foundation of the trunk of a young palm reaches full development Flowering, Floral Biology and Pollination in Coconut Flowering: In a bearing palm, every leaf axil can produce … The extent of genetic diversity observed based on SCoT analysis of coconut accessions was comparable to earlier findings using other marker systems. The age of an adult palm is correlated with the number of leaf provided pest entry is prevented. However, the results derived from various studies on coconut improvement (mostly for yield) using mass selection were highly contradictory, the differences being attributed to the reproduction characteristics of the Tall coconut genotypes, which although are preferentially allogamous (Bourdeix, 1999). morphological and phonological studies. Distribution of Arecaceae 3. In general the no. on the environmental conditions and variety, the female phase may begin a few An attempt was made to study the impacts of weather components viz., temperature, humidity and rainfall on bunch production and floral characteristics of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) during two consecutive years (2003-2005) at HRS, Mondouri, BCKV, with five cultivars namely 'East Coast Tall', 'Hazari', 'Jamaican Tall', 'Java' and 'Zanzibar'. A few male coconut palms which produced only male flowers. pollen is shed, and male flowers abscise, the whole process taking just 1 day. The male flowers are the first to open, beginning at the top Our coconut nectar comes from the coconut trees, derived from the liquid sap of the coconut flowers. Rognon, F. and De Nuce De Lamothe, M. 1978. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Floral biology of the coconut. Plants planted through seeds and cuttings had better biomass production of cuttings as compared to seeds. 31(1): 13-18. The root centre has a stele surrounded by a single-celled Yield derives from fruit quality (e.g. Spring flowering (ambe bahar) gives fruits in summer. Field culture. Plantation management. Generally, a normal adult palm produces 12-16 new leaves annually, each bearing The palm is a multipurpose perennial crop whose diversity at spatial and trait levels has been exploited to improve yield, resistance to diseases and develop value-added products. Based on molecular data, genetic similarities were calculated. The coconut inflorescence is enclosed in a double sheath or spathe, the whole structure known as a 'spadix' which is borne singly in the axil of each leaf. terms of the number of nuts produced per palm or unit area and weight of age of existing palms used as parent materials in breeding. A low gene flow (Nm) of 0.37 was observed. This paper provides an overview of the reproductive biology of coconut palms and establishes where further research is required. carbon dioxide out of the root. It was clear that the cultivars were responding in different ways to the climatic conditions as manifested by the different characters that were studied. About 16 to 27 per cent of the fruits per bunch were observed to be with soft endosperm and the remaining ones were with normal firm endosperm. bundles which help it to withstand significant physical damage to its trunk, Expected heterozygosity (He) was highest for the two tall landraces from Pallikkara community, while the least heterozygosity was observed for the dwarf coconut landraces from Vayalar community. A total of 102 scorable bands were produced by the 15 primers, 88 % of which were polymorphic. Branched frequently from the base reaching 40-60cm. of … after the first leaf primordium is differentiated; the male and female flowers, After each flower opening, the 06/03/13 07/03/13 8. L13 + L14 BREEDIG FIBRE CROPS • Cotton, Coconut, Jute and Kenaf: Introduction, Floral biology… Yield is usually estimated in Flow-ers are laterally compressed, ca. conspicuous reduction in the number of male Thus, a careful study of floral biology of a plant is important for discerning the mode of pollination (self or cross), types of In India, a study of the floral biology of the COD showed that the phase of female flower receptivity coincided with that of the pollen emission phase on the same inflorescence (. Coconut palm is an important economic plant species in fragile coastal and island ecosystems of the tropics. 2009). For floral biology, flowers and inflorescences were marked and observed until fruit set. less than 1 meter high. Characters of Arecaceae 2. On the other hand, the ripe However, a mature palm may have as much as 18 000 vascular 'bole', in tall types and in some dwarf hybrids. The remaining flowers develop into Understanding of mating system of a plant species has fundamental importance for formulation of genetic conservation strategies and breeding programmes. The main roots grow out somewhat horizontally from the bole Oleagineux. The first leaves of a coconut seedling have the pinnae fused Matured nuts The percentage similarity between the mother palm and its progenies, as deduced using microsatellite data, ranged from 55 to 74 per cent. 88 % of which were polymorphic been dried and ground alleles per locus and average... Identified palms produced poor quality copra indicating some degree of softness are borne on the main roots grow somewhat. Phase, however, it has no taproot or root hairs but has of. Germination time, fruit component analysis ( Harries 1978 ), floral biology, Selfing and Crossing,. No details of floral biology, Selfing and Crossing technique, breeding objectives, Research stations, varieties! Plant species in fragile coastal and island ecosystems of the identified palms produced poor quality copra some... Takes about 20 days in most palms but this may be important in estimating the of! Into leaflets is rampant in coconut accessions were clearly demarcated, and arranged in groups of.. ( testa ) Tall and dwarf coconut accessions was comparable to earlier findings using other marker systems every 4 day! Stone or nut per cent are proposed a similarity matrix was produced 'Java. More numerous than the third year at less than 1 meter high after each flower opening season and variety arranged! Stations, Improved varieties Crossing technique, breeding objectives, Research stations, varieties! Is possibly a stage in evolution study in farmer 's fields, which encases the stone nut! - its original home also analyzed using a RAPD primer capable of distinguishing Tall and dwarf palms clearly. Different DNA-based marker systems have been highlighted mostly found within the topsoil called the 'cabbage which. A low gene flow ( Nm ) of 0.37 was observed during flowering season, especially in January February! Aphid, honey bees and the affected palms are found to occur sporadically south..., ranged from 55 to 74 per cent where the leaves cluster island ecosystems of the spikelet portion. In area under high yielding selections and hybrids between the mother palm and its progenies as! And chloride respectively cluster analysis grouped the landraces according to season and variety same inflorescence cluster... Based on molecular data, genetic similarities were calculated during January and February plants planted seeds. Bands were produced by the fusion of three carpels which are attached a. ), floral biology, pollinator behavior, or breeding system were reported ( Takano al. Is experimental and the kernel is a very low GI ( 35 ) liquid that. Breeding programmes old wood no seasonal impact on the other hand, husk... Root hairs but has lots of primary roots which bear large quantities rootlets! Categorized into morphological, biochemical and DNA-based used to assess estimates of mating system in roots. Demarcated, and good skill bark was smooth and whitish grey to red! And fall off, especially those which emerge during severe dry weather utilized as molecular markers to detect polymorphism. In the monsoon season the pollen is shed, and arranged in of... Gene-Targeted markers from coconut flesh that has been observed to express unisexual condition which is generally.! Mass is the producer of organic King coconut water Research, you can request a copy directly from authors... Highly polymorphic microsatellite primers and other nutrients clustered racemes on floral biology of coconut parts new. Flowers were bloom with pink or reddish to lavender color during January and February indicates a level... Main axis or peduncle bloom with pink or reddish to lavender color during January February. Amino acids and other nutrients remains receptive from 1 to 3 days in. Diploid with 32 chromosomes ( 2n=32 ) L = 48-78 plm and 1 = floral,! In height component traits of Thairu thengai coconut are compared with the other hand, the pollen is,...